Patrick Vrancken is the incumbent of the South African Research Chair in the Law of the Sea and Development in Africa, which is funded by the South African National Research Foundation and hosted at Nelson Mandela University, where he is professor in the Department of Public Law.

• Preface xiiiAbbreviations xvTable of Cases xxTable of International Instruments xxvii1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Maritime uses 11.3 Maritime stakeholders 61.4 The concept of “State jurisdiction” 91.5 Analytical framework 172 The form of State ocean jurisdiction 222.1 Introduction 222.2 Legislative jurisdiction 242.2.1 Introduction 242.2.2 Categories of legislative provisions 252.2.2.1 Introduction 252.2.2.2 Constitutive provisions 262.2.2.3 Normative provisions 262.2.2.4 Performative provisions 272.2.2.5 Combination of provisions 282.2.3 Impact of legislative acts performed in the exercise oflegislative jurisdiction 282.2.3.1 Introduction 282.2.3.2 Performance of legislative acts 282.2.3.3 Contents of legislative provisions 29(a) Introduction 29(b) Constitutive provisions 29(c) Performative provisions 31Contentsvi  Contents(d) Normative provisions 32(i) Introduction 32(ii) Spatial application 32(iii) Personal application 34(iv) Hybrid application 35(v) Subject matter 382.2.4 Executive acts 392.2.4.1 Introduction 392.2.4.2 Logistic acts 392.2.4.3 Process acts 402.2.4.4 Enforcement acts 402.2.5 Adjudicative acts 402.2.6 Definition of “legislative jurisdiction” 412.3 Executive jurisdiction 412.3.1 Introduction 412.3.2 Legislative acts 422.3.3 Executive acts 442.3.3.1 Types of executive acts 44(a) Introduction 44(b) Logistic acts 44(c) Process acts 45(i) Definition 45(ii) Acts performed iure imperii 45(iii) Acts performed iure gestionis 46(d) Enforcement acts 462.3.3.2 Impact of executive acts 47(a) Logistic acts 47(b) Process acts 48(c) Enforcement acts 482.3.4 Adjudicative acts 492.3.5 Definition of “executive jurisdiction” 502.4 Adjudicative jurisdiction 512.4.1 Introduction 512.4.2 Legislative acts 512.4.3 Adjudicative acts 522.4.3.1 Introduction 522.4.3.2 Acts performed to settle disputes between Statesand other legal persons 522.4.3.3 Acts performed to settle disputes between privatelegal persons 532.4.3.4 Acts performed to settle internal disputes 54Contents vii2.4.4 Executive acts 542.4.4.1 Introduction 542.4.4.2 Logistic acts 552.4.4.3 Process acts 552.4.4.4 Enforcement acts 562.4.5 Definition of “adjudicative jurisdiction” 562.5 Relationship between the legislative, executive and adjudicativejurisdictions 562.6 Conclusion 593 The ground of State ocean jurisdiction 633.1 Introduction 633.2 Flag State jurisdiction 663.2.1 Introduction 663.2.2 Connecting factor 673.2.3 Establishment of the legal relationship 693.2.4 Evidence of the legal relationship 713.2.4.1 The right to fly a flag 713.2.4.2 Ship registries 723.2.4.3 Nature of the evidence 733.2.5 Nature of the legal relationship 763.2.5.1 Exclusive competence of every State 763.2.5.2 The requirement of genuineness 77(a) Introduction 77(b) The existence of the requirement that the linkbe genuine 77(c) The meaning of “genuineness” 82(i) Introduction 82(ii) Discussions at the International LawCommission 84(iii) Developments at and after UNCLOS I 87(d) The recognition of genuineness 922.2.5.3 Additional requirements and restrictions 953.2.6 Cessation and change of the legal relationship 973.2.7 Multiplicity of legal relationships 1003.2.8 Artificial objects other than ships 1013.3 Coastal zone jurisdictions 1023.3.1 Introduction 1023.3.2 Territorial jurisdiction 1023.3.2.1 Introduction 1023.3.2.2 The concept of “coastal State” 103viii  Contents3.3.2.3 The existence of the marine territory 1063.3.2.4 The link between the matter and the territory 1073.3.3 Extraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 1093.3.3.1 Contiguous zone jurisdiction 1093.3.3.2 Exclusive economic zone jurisdiction 1103.3.3.3 Continental shelf jurisdiction 1113.4 Personal jurisdiction 1123.4.1 Introduction 1123.4.2 Connecting factor 1123.4.3 Legal relationship between the State and the person 1133.4.4 Factual link between the State and the person 1143.4.5 Link between the matter and the person 1153.5 Universal jurisdictions 1153.5.1 Introduction 1153.5.2 Piracy jurisdiction 1163.5.3 Slave trade jurisdiction 1173.5.4 Statelessness jurisdiction 1193.5.4.1 Introduction 1193.5.4.2 Vessels without nationality 1203.5.4.3 Vessels with more than one nationality 1213.6 Port State jurisdiction 1213.7 Delegated jurisdictions 1223.8 Collective jurisdictions 1243.9 Protective jurisdictions 1263.10 Conclusion 1264 The scope of State ocean jurisdiction 1294.1 Introduction 1294.2 Flag State jurisdiction 1314.2.1 Extent of flag State jurisdiction 1314.2.2 Relationship between flag State jurisdictions 1324.2.3 Summary 1344.3 Territorial jurisdiction 1354.3.1 Extent of territorial jurisdiction 1354.3.2 Relationship between territorial jurisdictions 1374.3.3 Relationship between territorial jurisdiction and flagState jurisdiction 1394.3.3.1 Introduction 1394.3.3.2 Legislative jurisdiction 1394.3.3.3 Executive jurisdiction 141(a) Principle 141Contents ix(b) Innocent passage, transit passage andarchipelagic sea lanes passage 143(i) Introduction 143(ii) Innocent passage 143(iii) Transit passage 145(iv) Archipelagic sea lanes passage 146(c) Warships and other government vesselsoperated for non-commercial purposes 146(d) Cases of distress 1484.3.3.4 Adjudicative jurisdiction 1484.3.3.5 Relationship outside of the territory of thecoastal State 1494.3.4 Summary 1504.4 Personal jurisdiction 1504.4.1 Extent of personal jurisdiction 1504.4.2 Relationship between personal jurisdictions 1514.4.3 Relationship between personal jurisdiction and flag Statejurisdiction 1524.4.4 Relationship between personal jurisdiction and territorialjurisdiction 1544.4.5 Summary 1554.5 Contiguous zone jurisdiction 1554.5.1 Extent of contiguous zone jurisdiction 1554.5.2 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdictions 1594.5.3 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdiction andflag State jurisdiction 1624.5.4 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdiction andterritorial jurisdiction 1634.5.5 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdiction andpersonal jurisdiction 1644.5.6 Summary 1644.6 Exclusive economic zone jurisdiction 1654.6.1 Extent of exclusive economic zone jurisdiction 1654.6.1.1 Introduction 1654.6.1.2 Article 56(1)(a) matters 1654.6.1.3 Article 56(1)(b) matters 166(a) Introduction 166(b) Article 56(1)(b)(i) matters 167(c) Article 56(1)(b)(ii) matters 167(d) Article 56(1)(b)(iii) matters 1684.6.1.4 Extent ratione loci 169x  Contents4.6.2 Relationship between exclusive economic zonejurisdictions 1704.6.3 Relationship between exclusive economic zonejurisdiction and flag State jurisdiction 1714.6.3.1 Introduction 1714.6.3.2 Article 56(1)(a) jurisdiction 1714.6.3.3 Article 56(1)(b)(i) jurisdiction 1724.6.3.4 Article 56(1)(b)(ii) jurisdiction 1734.6.3.5 Article 56(1)(b)(iii) jurisdiction 1744.6.4 Relationship between exclusive economic zonejurisdiction and territorial jurisdiction 1754.6.5 Relationship between exclusive economic zonejurisdiction and personal jurisdiction 1754.6.6 Relationship between exclusive economic zonejurisdiction and contiguous zone jurisdiction 1774.6.7 Summary 1774.7 Continental shelf jurisdiction 1784.7.1 Extent of continental shelf jurisdiction 1784.7.2 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdictions 1794.7.3 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction andflag State jurisdiction 1794.7.4 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction andterritorial jurisdiction 1804.7.5 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction andpersonal jurisdiction 1814.7.6 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction andcontiguous zone jurisdiction 1824.7.7 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction andexclusive economic zone jurisdiction 1824.7.8 Summary 1834.8 Universal jurisdictions 1834.8.1 Extent of the universal jurisdictions 1834.8.1.1 Introduction 1834.8.1.2 Extent of piracy jurisdiction 1844.8.1.3 Extent of slave trade jurisdiction 1854.8.1.4 Extent of statelessness jurisdiction 1854.8.2 Relationship between universal jurisdictions 1864.8.3 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions and flagState jurisdiction 1874.8.4 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions andterritorial jurisdiction 187Contents xi4.8.5 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions andpersonal jurisdiction 1884.8.6 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions and theextraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 1884.8.7 Summary 1894.9 Port State jurisdiction 1894.9.1 Extent of port State jurisdiction 1894.9.1.1 Introduction 1894.9.1.2 Supplementary function 1894.9.1.3 Environmental protection 1904.9.1.4 Fisheries 1924.9.2 Relationship between the port State jurisdictions 1954.9.3 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and flagState jurisdiction 1954.9.4 Relationship between port State jurisdiction andterritorial jurisdiction 1954.9.5 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and personaljurisdiction 1964.9.6 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and theextraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 1974.9.7 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and theuniversal jurisdictions 1974.9.8 Summary 1974.10 Delegated jurisdictions 1984.10.1 Extent of the delegated jurisdictions 1984.10.2 Relationship between the delegated jurisdictions andthe other jurisdictions 1994.11 Collective jurisdictions 1994.11.1 Extent of the collective jurisdictions 1994.11.2 Relationship between the collective jurisdictions andthe other jurisdictions 2004.12 Protective jurisdictions 2004.12.1 Extent of the protective jurisdictions 2004.12.1.1 Introduction 2004.12.1.2 Protective jurisdiction exercised for Statesecurity purposes 2004.12.1.3 Protective jurisdiction exercised for economicpurposes 2064.12.2 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions 2074.12.3 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andflag State jurisdiction 207xii  Contents4.12.4 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andterritorial jurisdiction 2084.12.5 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andpersonal jurisdiction 2084.12.6 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andthe extraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 2094.12.7 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andthe universal jurisdictions 2094.12.8 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andport State jurisdiction 2104.12.9 Summary 2114.13 Conclusion 2115 The purpose of State ocean jurisdiction 2165.1 Introduction 2165.2 Sovereign equality of States 2165.3 Mare clausum, mare liberum and the package deal 2195.4 Teleological principles 2235.4.1 Introduction 2235.4.2 Protection of the ius communicationis 2245.4.3 Avoidance of harm 2255.4.3.1 Introduction 2255.4.3.2 Harm to States 2255.4.3.3 Harm to individuals 2275.4.3.4 Harm to the cultural and naturalenvironment 2345.4.4 Pursuit of equity 2385.4.5 Integrative cooperation 2435.5 Purposive parameters 2505.5.1 Introduction 2505.5.2 Good faith 2515.5.3 Abuse of rights 2525.5.4 Reasonableness 2535.5.4.1 Introduction 2535.5.4.2 Performative reasonableness 2545.5.4.3 Intersective reasonableness 2585.6 Conclusion 2616 Conclusion 263Index

Patrick Vrancken is the incumbent of the South African Research Chair in the Law of the Sea and Development in Africa, which is funded by the South African National Research Foundation and hosted at Nelson Mandela University, where he is professor in the Department of Public Law.

• Preface xiiiAbbreviations xvTable of Cases xxTable of International Instruments xxvii1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Maritime uses 11.3 Maritime stakeholders 61.4 The concept of “State jurisdiction” 91.5 Analytical framework 172 The form of State ocean jurisdiction 222.1 Introduction 222.2 Legislative jurisdiction 242.2.1 Introduction 242.2.2 Categories of legislative provisions 252.2.2.1 Introduction 252.2.2.2 Constitutive provisions 262.2.2.3 Normative provisions 262.2.2.4 Performative provisions 272.2.2.5 Combination of provisions 282.2.3 Impact of legislative acts performed in the exercise oflegislative jurisdiction 282.2.3.1 Introduction 282.2.3.2 Performance of legislative acts 282.2.3.3 Contents of legislative provisions 29(a) Introduction 29(b) Constitutive provisions 29(c) Performative provisions 31Contentsvi  Contents(d) Normative provisions 32(i) Introduction 32(ii) Spatial application 32(iii) Personal application 34(iv) Hybrid application 35(v) Subject matter 382.2.4 Executive acts 392.2.4.1 Introduction 392.2.4.2 Logistic acts 392.2.4.3 Process acts 402.2.4.4 Enforcement acts 402.2.5 Adjudicative acts 402.2.6 Definition of “legislative jurisdiction” 412.3 Executive jurisdiction 412.3.1 Introduction 412.3.2 Legislative acts 422.3.3 Executive acts 442.3.3.1 Types of executive acts 44(a) Introduction 44(b) Logistic acts 44(c) Process acts 45(i) Definition 45(ii) Acts performed iure imperii 45(iii) Acts performed iure gestionis 46(d) Enforcement acts 462.3.3.2 Impact of executive acts 47(a) Logistic acts 47(b) Process acts 48(c) Enforcement acts 482.3.4 Adjudicative acts 492.3.5 Definition of “executive jurisdiction” 502.4 Adjudicative jurisdiction 512.4.1 Introduction 512.4.2 Legislative acts 512.4.3 Adjudicative acts 522.4.3.1 Introduction 522.4.3.2 Acts performed to settle disputes between Statesand other legal persons 522.4.3.3 Acts performed to settle disputes between privatelegal persons 532.4.3.4 Acts performed to settle internal disputes 54Contents vii2.4.4 Executive acts 542.4.4.1 Introduction 542.4.4.2 Logistic acts 552.4.4.3 Process acts 552.4.4.4 Enforcement acts 562.4.5 Definition of “adjudicative jurisdiction” 562.5 Relationship between the legislative, executive and adjudicativejurisdictions 562.6 Conclusion 593 The ground of State ocean jurisdiction 633.1 Introduction 633.2 Flag State jurisdiction 663.2.1 Introduction 663.2.2 Connecting factor 673.2.3 Establishment of the legal relationship 693.2.4 Evidence of the legal relationship 713.2.4.1 The right to fly a flag 713.2.4.2 Ship registries 723.2.4.3 Nature of the evidence 733.2.5 Nature of the legal relationship 763.2.5.1 Exclusive competence of every State 763.2.5.2 The requirement of genuineness 77(a) Introduction 77(b) The existence of the requirement that the linkbe genuine 77(c) The meaning of “genuineness” 82(i) Introduction 82(ii) Discussions at the International LawCommission 84(iii) Developments at and after UNCLOS I 87(d) The recognition of genuineness 922.2.5.3 Additional requirements and restrictions 953.2.6 Cessation and change of the legal relationship 973.2.7 Multiplicity of legal relationships 1003.2.8 Artificial objects other than ships 1013.3 Coastal zone jurisdictions 1023.3.1 Introduction 1023.3.2 Territorial jurisdiction 1023.3.2.1 Introduction 1023.3.2.2 The concept of “coastal State” 103viii  Contents3.3.2.3 The existence of the marine territory 1063.3.2.4 The link between the matter and the territory 1073.3.3 Extraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 1093.3.3.1 Contiguous zone jurisdiction 1093.3.3.2 Exclusive economic zone jurisdiction 1103.3.3.3 Continental shelf jurisdiction 1113.4 Personal jurisdiction 1123.4.1 Introduction 1123.4.2 Connecting factor 1123.4.3 Legal relationship between the State and the person 1133.4.4 Factual link between the State and the person 1143.4.5 Link between the matter and the person 1153.5 Universal jurisdictions 1153.5.1 Introduction 1153.5.2 Piracy jurisdiction 1163.5.3 Slave trade jurisdiction 1173.5.4 Statelessness jurisdiction 1193.5.4.1 Introduction 1193.5.4.2 Vessels without nationality 1203.5.4.3 Vessels with more than one nationality 1213.6 Port State jurisdiction 1213.7 Delegated jurisdictions 1223.8 Collective jurisdictions 1243.9 Protective jurisdictions 1263.10 Conclusion 1264 The scope of State ocean jurisdiction 1294.1 Introduction 1294.2 Flag State jurisdiction 1314.2.1 Extent of flag State jurisdiction 1314.2.2 Relationship between flag State jurisdictions 1324.2.3 Summary 1344.3 Territorial jurisdiction 1354.3.1 Extent of territorial jurisdiction 1354.3.2 Relationship between territorial jurisdictions 1374.3.3 Relationship between territorial jurisdiction and flagState jurisdiction 1394.3.3.1 Introduction 1394.3.3.2 Legislative jurisdiction 1394.3.3.3 Executive jurisdiction 141(a) Principle 141Contents ix(b) Innocent passage, transit passage andarchipelagic sea lanes passage 143(i) Introduction 143(ii) Innocent passage 143(iii) Transit passage 145(iv) Archipelagic sea lanes passage 146(c) Warships and other government vesselsoperated for non-commercial purposes 146(d) Cases of distress 1484.3.3.4 Adjudicative jurisdiction 1484.3.3.5 Relationship outside of the territory of thecoastal State 1494.3.4 Summary 1504.4 Personal jurisdiction 1504.4.1 Extent of personal jurisdiction 1504.4.2 Relationship between personal jurisdictions 1514.4.3 Relationship between personal jurisdiction and flag Statejurisdiction 1524.4.4 Relationship between personal jurisdiction and territorialjurisdiction 1544.4.5 Summary 1554.5 Contiguous zone jurisdiction 1554.5.1 Extent of contiguous zone jurisdiction 1554.5.2 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdictions 1594.5.3 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdiction andflag State jurisdiction 1624.5.4 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdiction andterritorial jurisdiction 1634.5.5 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdiction andpersonal jurisdiction 1644.5.6 Summary 1644.6 Exclusive economic zone jurisdiction 1654.6.1 Extent of exclusive economic zone jurisdiction 1654.6.1.1 Introduction 1654.6.1.2 Article 56(1)(a) matters 1654.6.1.3 Article 56(1)(b) matters 166(a) Introduction 166(b) Article 56(1)(b)(i) matters 167(c) Article 56(1)(b)(ii) matters 167(d) Article 56(1)(b)(iii) matters 1684.6.1.4 Extent ratione loci 169x  Contents4.6.2 Relationship between exclusive economic zonejurisdictions 1704.6.3 Relationship between exclusive economic zonejurisdiction and flag State jurisdiction 1714.6.3.1 Introduction 1714.6.3.2 Article 56(1)(a) jurisdiction 1714.6.3.3 Article 56(1)(b)(i) jurisdiction 1724.6.3.4 Article 56(1)(b)(ii) jurisdiction 1734.6.3.5 Article 56(1)(b)(iii) jurisdiction 1744.6.4 Relationship between exclusive economic zonejurisdiction and territorial jurisdiction 1754.6.5 Relationship between exclusive economic zonejurisdiction and personal jurisdiction 1754.6.6 Relationship between exclusive economic zonejurisdiction and contiguous zone jurisdiction 1774.6.7 Summary 1774.7 Continental shelf jurisdiction 1784.7.1 Extent of continental shelf jurisdiction 1784.7.2 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdictions 1794.7.3 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction andflag State jurisdiction 1794.7.4 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction andterritorial jurisdiction 1804.7.5 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction andpersonal jurisdiction 1814.7.6 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction andcontiguous zone jurisdiction 1824.7.7 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction andexclusive economic zone jurisdiction 1824.7.8 Summary 1834.8 Universal jurisdictions 1834.8.1 Extent of the universal jurisdictions 1834.8.1.1 Introduction 1834.8.1.2 Extent of piracy jurisdiction 1844.8.1.3 Extent of slave trade jurisdiction 1854.8.1.4 Extent of statelessness jurisdiction 1854.8.2 Relationship between universal jurisdictions 1864.8.3 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions and flagState jurisdiction 1874.8.4 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions andterritorial jurisdiction 187Contents xi4.8.5 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions andpersonal jurisdiction 1884.8.6 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions and theextraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 1884.8.7 Summary 1894.9 Port State jurisdiction 1894.9.1 Extent of port State jurisdiction 1894.9.1.1 Introduction 1894.9.1.2 Supplementary function 1894.9.1.3 Environmental protection 1904.9.1.4 Fisheries 1924.9.2 Relationship between the port State jurisdictions 1954.9.3 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and flagState jurisdiction 1954.9.4 Relationship between port State jurisdiction andterritorial jurisdiction 1954.9.5 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and personaljurisdiction 1964.9.6 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and theextraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 1974.9.7 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and theuniversal jurisdictions 1974.9.8 Summary 1974.10 Delegated jurisdictions 1984.10.1 Extent of the delegated jurisdictions 1984.10.2 Relationship between the delegated jurisdictions andthe other jurisdictions 1994.11 Collective jurisdictions 1994.11.1 Extent of the collective jurisdictions 1994.11.2 Relationship between the collective jurisdictions andthe other jurisdictions 2004.12 Protective jurisdictions 2004.12.1 Extent of the protective jurisdictions 2004.12.1.1 Introduction 2004.12.1.2 Protective jurisdiction exercised for Statesecurity purposes 2004.12.1.3 Protective jurisdiction exercised for economicpurposes 2064.12.2 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions 2074.12.3 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andflag State jurisdiction 207xii  Contents4.12.4 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andterritorial jurisdiction 2084.12.5 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andpersonal jurisdiction 2084.12.6 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andthe extraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 2094.12.7 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andthe universal jurisdictions 2094.12.8 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions andport State jurisdiction 2104.12.9 Summary 2114.13 Conclusion 2115 The purpose of State ocean jurisdiction 2165.1 Introduction 2165.2 Sovereign equality of States 2165.3 Mare clausum, mare liberum and the package deal 2195.4 Teleological principles 2235.4.1 Introduction 2235.4.2 Protection of the ius communicationis 2245.4.3 Avoidance of harm 2255.4.3.1 Introduction 2255.4.3.2 Harm to States 2255.4.3.3 Harm to individuals 2275.4.3.4 Harm to the cultural and naturalenvironment 2345.4.4 Pursuit of equity 2385.4.5 Integrative cooperation 2435.5 Purposive parameters 2505.5.1 Introduction 2505.5.2 Good faith 2515.5.3 Abuse of rights 2525.5.4 Reasonableness 2535.5.4.1 Introduction 2535.5.4.2 Performative reasonableness 2545.5.4.3 Intersective reasonableness 2585.6 Conclusion 2616 Conclusion 263Index