Alexandra R. Harrington, PhD, is a Lecturer in Law at Lancaster University Law School, Chair of the IUCN World Commission on Environmental Law’s Agreement on Plastic Pollution Task Force, and Director of Studies for the International Law Association Colombian Branch.

• 1. Introduction 2. History, the United Nations Charter and Vienna Conventions 3. Membership and membership powers 4. Voting rights and allotments 5. Organization functions and structure 6. Punishment, suspension and expulsion of errant Member States 7. Diplomatic rights versus international organization rights 8. Headquarters agreements of international organizations 9. Promulgation of international instruments under the auspices of international organizations 10. Dispute settlement in international organizations 11. Termination of an international organization 12. The United Nations system 13. International criminal courts 14. Regional organizations 15. Trade, finance and banking organizations 16. Sector and industry-focused organizations 17. Military and policing organizations 18. Human rights organizations and bodies 19. Environmental organizations 20. International Organizations and Covid-19 Responses 21. International Organizations and the Invasion of Ukraine 22. Conclusion

Alexandra R. Harrington, PhD, is a Lecturer in Law at Lancaster University Law School, Chair of the IUCN World Commission on Environmental Law’s Agreement on Plastic Pollution Task Force, and Director of Studies for the International Law Association Colombian Branch.

• 1. Introduction 2. History, the United Nations Charter and Vienna Conventions 3. Membership and membership powers 4. Voting rights and allotments 5. Organization functions and structure 6. Punishment, suspension and expulsion of errant Member States 7. Diplomatic rights versus international organization rights 8. Headquarters agreements of international organizations 9. Promulgation of international instruments under the auspices of international organizations 10. Dispute settlement in international organizations 11. Termination of an international organization 12. The United Nations system 13. International criminal courts 14. Regional organizations 15. Trade, finance and banking organizations 16. Sector and industry-focused organizations 17. Military and policing organizations 18. Human rights organizations and bodies 19. Environmental organizations 20. International Organizations and Covid-19 Responses 21. International Organizations and the Invasion of Ukraine 22. Conclusion

Alexandra R. Harrington, PhD, is a Lecturer in Law at Lancaster University Law School, Chair of the IUCN World Commission on Environmental Law’s Agreement on Plastic Pollution Task Force, and Director of Studies for the International Law Association Colombian Branch.

• 1. Introduction 2. History, the United Nations Charter and Vienna Conventions 3. Membership and membership powers 4. Voting rights and allotments 5. Organization functions and structure 6. Punishment, suspension and expulsion of errant Member States 7. Diplomatic rights versus international organization rights 8. Headquarters agreements of international organizations 9. Promulgation of international instruments under the auspices of international organizations 10. Dispute settlement in international organizations 11. Termination of an international organization 12. The United Nations system 13. International criminal courts 14. Regional organizations 15. Trade, finance and banking organizations 16. Sector and industry-focused organizations 17. Military and policing organizations 18. Human rights organizations and bodies 19. Environmental organizations 20. International Organizations and Covid-19 Responses 21. International Organizations and the Invasion of Ukraine 22. Conclusion