Gorm Winther, MSc in Economics, Ph.D., is a retired professor at Aalborg University and previously Greenland University, consultant to Østfold University College, Norway. Previously, in the Participation, Workers' Control, Workers Self-management, and Self-Government course, he was a Course Director and a resource person at the Interuniversity Centre of Postgraduate Studies, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, and later Croatia from 1984 to 1999. He was a visiting researcher in the Participation and Labor-managed Systems program at the Department of Economics at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. From 1998 to 2015, he was a Board member of the European Federation of Employee Share Ownership, Brussels, where he is now an honorable member.Ívar Jónsson, Dr. Phil. Social Implication of Technical Change, University of Sussex, M.A. History and Philosophy of Social and Political Science, University of Essex, B.A. Social Science with History, University of Iceland, Fil. Kand. in Theories of Science at Gothenburg University. He is a former Professor of Innovation and Entrepreneurship and professor emeritus at Østfold University College. He has held Professor positions at Bifröst University, Iceland, as associate professor (docent) at Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, and as associate professor at Reykjavik University, Iceland, and the University of Greenland. He is also a former professor of political science at NORD University, Norway.

• Foreword by Li XingPrologue1. Introduction Gorm Winther Part I: Approaches to Security2. Alternative Concepts of Security – The Inclusion of Environmental IssuesLassi Heininen 3. The Arctic in the Greater Eurasian Partnership Glenn Diesen 4. Russia and the West in The Arctic: Peaceful Cooperation Gives Way to Tension and Rearmament Jens Jørgen Nielsen 5. Arctic Environmental Security: Complex Dynamics in a Region of Change Douglas Causey and Nadezhda Filimonova Part II: Human Security and Empowerment Through Co-determination, Participation in Ownership and Finance, Economic Self-management and Political Self-government in Arctic Regions6. Conceptualizing Participatory and Democratic Economic OrganizationsGorm Winther 7.Cooperative Societies in the Arctic as a Heterodox Approach – the Case of GreenlandGorm Winther and Jan Holm Ingemann 8. The Goal of Conventional Firms and Cooperative Societies in Arctic RegionsGorm Winther 9. Cooperative Socialist Futures – The Icelandic: Third-way ExperimentÍvar Jónsson and Lilja Mósesdóttir 10. Cooperatives, Social Entrepreneurship, and the Social Economy in Arctic Canada: Opportunities and Challenges Chris Southcott 11. Is There a Post-Colonialism - Colonialism, and Critical Realism in an Arctic Context Gorm Winther 12. Community-based Resource Rights and Well-being of Arctic Indigenous Peoples The Western Alaska Community ‘Development Quota Program Matthew Berman Index

Gorm Winther, MSc in Economics, Ph.D., is a retired professor at Aalborg University and previously Greenland University, consultant to Østfold University College, Norway. Previously, in the Participation, Workers' Control, Workers Self-management, and Self-Government course, he was a Course Director and a resource person at the Interuniversity Centre of Postgraduate Studies, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, and later Croatia from 1984 to 1999. He was a visiting researcher in the Participation and Labor-managed Systems program at the Department of Economics at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. From 1998 to 2015, he was a Board member of the European Federation of Employee Share Ownership, Brussels, where he is now an honorable member.Ívar Jónsson, Dr. Phil. Social Implication of Technical Change, University of Sussex, M.A. History and Philosophy of Social and Political Science, University of Essex, B.A. Social Science with History, University of Iceland, Fil. Kand. in Theories of Science at Gothenburg University. He is a former Professor of Innovation and Entrepreneurship and professor emeritus at Østfold University College. He has held Professor positions at Bifröst University, Iceland, as associate professor (docent) at Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, and as associate professor at Reykjavik University, Iceland, and the University of Greenland. He is also a former professor of political science at NORD University, Norway.

• Foreword by Li XingPrologue1. Introduction Gorm Winther Part I: Approaches to Security2. Alternative Concepts of Security – The Inclusion of Environmental IssuesLassi Heininen 3. The Arctic in the Greater Eurasian Partnership Glenn Diesen 4. Russia and the West in The Arctic: Peaceful Cooperation Gives Way to Tension and Rearmament Jens Jørgen Nielsen 5. Arctic Environmental Security: Complex Dynamics in a Region of Change Douglas Causey and Nadezhda Filimonova Part II: Human Security and Empowerment Through Co-determination, Participation in Ownership and Finance, Economic Self-management and Political Self-government in Arctic Regions6. Conceptualizing Participatory and Democratic Economic OrganizationsGorm Winther 7.Cooperative Societies in the Arctic as a Heterodox Approach – the Case of GreenlandGorm Winther and Jan Holm Ingemann 8. The Goal of Conventional Firms and Cooperative Societies in Arctic RegionsGorm Winther 9. Cooperative Socialist Futures – The Icelandic: Third-way ExperimentÍvar Jónsson and Lilja Mósesdóttir 10. Cooperatives, Social Entrepreneurship, and the Social Economy in Arctic Canada: Opportunities and Challenges Chris Southcott 11. Is There a Post-Colonialism - Colonialism, and Critical Realism in an Arctic Context Gorm Winther 12. Community-based Resource Rights and Well-being of Arctic Indigenous Peoples The Western Alaska Community ‘Development Quota Program Matthew Berman Index