Edited by Anne Mette Kjær, Professor, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Denmark, Moses Khisa, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, North Carolina State University, USA and Research Fellow, Centre for International and Comparative Politics, Stellenbosch University, South Africa and Xichavo Alecia Ndlovu, Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, South Africa

‘This is an ambitious collection of over ninety essays on African politics covering a wide range of topics that are seldom captured in the same volume. Although the concepts and ideas are universal, the contributors tailor them to African contexts. In addition to typical themes and debates that dominate the study of African politics such as corruption, coups, democracy and elections, the Encyclopedia captures issues relevant to contemporary times including: global value chains, green transitions, internet access, and natural resource governance. The editors have succeeded in blending established and emerging generations of Africanist scholars, bringing old and fresh perspectives on diverse subjects. The Encyclopedia will be useful to courses at both undergraduate and graduate levels in development and politics.’

• ContentsIntroduction 1Anne Mette Kjær, Moses Khisa, and Xichavo Alecia Ndlovu1 African feminisms 3Corinne Knowles and Siphokazi Magadla2 African Union 11Issaka K. Souaré3 Agricultural policy 15Renata Serra4 Agricultural transformation 20Simon Tangen Søgaard5 Apartheid 27Madalitso Zililo Phiri6 Authoritarianism 34Christof Hartmann7 Borders and boundaries 39Phillip Apuuli Kasaija8 China–Africa 45Lina Benabdallah and YuJun Zou9 Chinese migrants 49Yoon Jung Park10 Christianity 55Elizabeth Sheridan Sperber11 Civil war 62Kendra Dupuy12 Constitutions 67Muna Ndulo13 Corruption 73Anna Persson14 Coups d’état 79Moses Khisa15 Debt management 84Enock W. N. Bulime16 Decentralisation 90Benjamin Chemouni17 Decolonisation 94Anye-Nkwenti Nyamnjoh18 Democracy and democratic backsliding 101Lise Rakner19 Development as idea 107Corrie Decker and Elisabeth McMahon20 Economic transformation 114David Booth21 Economy of affection 117Goran Hyden22 Education 121Abrehet Gebremedhin23 Election violence 126Fariha Tabassum Michael Wahman24 Elections 133Yonatan L. Morse25 Energy 139Christopher Gore26 Ethnicity 146Shaheen Mozaffar27 Extraversion 153Engbo Gissel and Peter Brett28 Federalism 157Asnake Kefale29 Foreign aid 164Kenneth Kalu30 Foreign policies 168John F. Clark and Stephanie Uviovo31 Formalisation 175Max Gallien and Vanessa van den Boogaard32 Global value chains 182Haftom Bayray Kahsay33 Governance 186Anne Mette Kjær34 The green transition 192Christopher Vandome35 Industrial policy 198Julius Kiiza36 Inequalities 205Jeremy Seekings37 Information control 211Lisa-Marie Selvik and Pauline Lemaire38 International Criminal Court 216Line Engbo Gissel39 International relations 222Maxine Rubin40 Internet access 229Pauline Lemaire and Lisa-Marie Selvik41 Islam 234Leonardo A. Villalón42 Judiciary 241Daniel R. Ruhweza43 Labour market precarity 247Grace-Edward Galabuzi44 Land tenure reform 252Catherine Boone45 Language 260Wanga Gambushe46 Liberation movements 265Henning Melber47 Marketplace politics 270Ane Edslev48 Military mutinies 275Maggie Dwyer49 Movement politics 278Joshua B. Rubongoya50 Natural resource governance 286Nelson Oppong51 “New scramble for Africa” 292Christopher Vandome52 Pan-Africanism 298Moses Khisa53 Parliaments 304Michaela Collord54 Party financing 312Chipo Dendere55 Party systems 314Xichavo Alecia Ndlovu56 Peacekeeping 321Jonathan Fisher and Nina Wilén57 Pockets of effectiveness 328Anne Mette Kjær58 Political accountability 332Rod Alence59 Political parties 338Matthias Krönke, Robert Mattes, and Sarah J. Lockwood60 Political science 345S. Wanjala Nasong’o61 Political settlement 352Hazel Gray62 Political unpredictability 356Rebecca Tapscott63 Poverty 363Marianne S. Ulriksen64 Pre-colonial organisations 365Godfrey Asiimwe65 Presidentialism 373Anja Osei66 Private foundations 380Adam Moe Fejerskov67 Protest 384Aditi Malik68 Public policy 389Gedion Onyango69 Rebel groups 396Christopher Day70 Reciprocity 403Lauren M. MacLean71 Refugees 409Badru Bukenya and Janet I. Lewis72 Regional integration 414Sabastiano Rwengabo73 The resource curse 421Ross Harvey74 The slave trade 428Nonso Obikili75 Social movements 432Gavaza Maluleke76 Social protection 437Hangala Siachiwena77 Sovereignty 442Amy Niang78 State capacity 446Clare Cummings79 State fragility 454Norman Sempijja80 Statehood 458Shingirai L. Taodzera81 Tax reforms and donor support 466Odd-Helge Fjeldstad82 Taxation and state-building 473Vanessa van den Boogaard and Tanya Bandula-Irwin83 Technology and technopolitics 480Adam Moe Fejerskov84 Traditional justice 484Monica De Souza Louw and Sindiso Mnisi Weeks85 Truth commissions 491Tim Murithi86 Urban informality 495Tom Goodfellow87 Urban politics 500Jeffrey W. Paller88 Welfare state 504Marianne S. Ulriksen89 Women and politics 508Aili Mari Tripp90 The WTO 514Faizel Ismail91 Youth 520Richard AsanteIndex 527

Edited by Anne Mette Kjær, Professor, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Denmark, Moses Khisa, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, North Carolina State University, USA and Research Fellow, Centre for International and Comparative Politics, Stellenbosch University, South Africa and Xichavo Alecia Ndlovu, Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, South Africa

‘This is an ambitious collection of over ninety essays on African politics covering a wide range of topics that are seldom captured in the same volume. Although the concepts and ideas are universal, the contributors tailor them to African contexts. In addition to typical themes and debates that dominate the study of African politics such as corruption, coups, democracy and elections, the Encyclopedia captures issues relevant to contemporary times including: global value chains, green transitions, internet access, and natural resource governance. The editors have succeeded in blending established and emerging generations of Africanist scholars, bringing old and fresh perspectives on diverse subjects. The Encyclopedia will be useful to courses at both undergraduate and graduate levels in development and politics.’

• ContentsIntroduction 1Anne Mette Kjær, Moses Khisa, and Xichavo Alecia Ndlovu1 African feminisms 3Corinne Knowles and Siphokazi Magadla2 African Union 11Issaka K. Souaré3 Agricultural policy 15Renata Serra4 Agricultural transformation 20Simon Tangen Søgaard5 Apartheid 27Madalitso Zililo Phiri6 Authoritarianism 34Christof Hartmann7 Borders and boundaries 39Phillip Apuuli Kasaija8 China–Africa 45Lina Benabdallah and YuJun Zou9 Chinese migrants 49Yoon Jung Park10 Christianity 55Elizabeth Sheridan Sperber11 Civil war 62Kendra Dupuy12 Constitutions 67Muna Ndulo13 Corruption 73Anna Persson14 Coups d’état 79Moses Khisa15 Debt management 84Enock W. N. Bulime16 Decentralisation 90Benjamin Chemouni17 Decolonisation 94Anye-Nkwenti Nyamnjoh18 Democracy and democratic backsliding 101Lise Rakner19 Development as idea 107Corrie Decker and Elisabeth McMahon20 Economic transformation 114David Booth21 Economy of affection 117Goran Hyden22 Education 121Abrehet Gebremedhin23 Election violence 126Fariha Tabassum Michael Wahman24 Elections 133Yonatan L. Morse25 Energy 139Christopher Gore26 Ethnicity 146Shaheen Mozaffar27 Extraversion 153Engbo Gissel and Peter Brett28 Federalism 157Asnake Kefale29 Foreign aid 164Kenneth Kalu30 Foreign policies 168John F. Clark and Stephanie Uviovo31 Formalisation 175Max Gallien and Vanessa van den Boogaard32 Global value chains 182Haftom Bayray Kahsay33 Governance 186Anne Mette Kjær34 The green transition 192Christopher Vandome35 Industrial policy 198Julius Kiiza36 Inequalities 205Jeremy Seekings37 Information control 211Lisa-Marie Selvik and Pauline Lemaire38 International Criminal Court 216Line Engbo Gissel39 International relations 222Maxine Rubin40 Internet access 229Pauline Lemaire and Lisa-Marie Selvik41 Islam 234Leonardo A. Villalón42 Judiciary 241Daniel R. Ruhweza43 Labour market precarity 247Grace-Edward Galabuzi44 Land tenure reform 252Catherine Boone45 Language 260Wanga Gambushe46 Liberation movements 265Henning Melber47 Marketplace politics 270Ane Edslev48 Military mutinies 275Maggie Dwyer49 Movement politics 278Joshua B. Rubongoya50 Natural resource governance 286Nelson Oppong51 “New scramble for Africa” 292Christopher Vandome52 Pan-Africanism 298Moses Khisa53 Parliaments 304Michaela Collord54 Party financing 312Chipo Dendere55 Party systems 314Xichavo Alecia Ndlovu56 Peacekeeping 321Jonathan Fisher and Nina Wilén57 Pockets of effectiveness 328Anne Mette Kjær58 Political accountability 332Rod Alence59 Political parties 338Matthias Krönke, Robert Mattes, and Sarah J. Lockwood60 Political science 345S. Wanjala Nasong’o61 Political settlement 352Hazel Gray62 Political unpredictability 356Rebecca Tapscott63 Poverty 363Marianne S. Ulriksen64 Pre-colonial organisations 365Godfrey Asiimwe65 Presidentialism 373Anja Osei66 Private foundations 380Adam Moe Fejerskov67 Protest 384Aditi Malik68 Public policy 389Gedion Onyango69 Rebel groups 396Christopher Day70 Reciprocity 403Lauren M. MacLean71 Refugees 409Badru Bukenya and Janet I. Lewis72 Regional integration 414Sabastiano Rwengabo73 The resource curse 421Ross Harvey74 The slave trade 428Nonso Obikili75 Social movements 432Gavaza Maluleke76 Social protection 437Hangala Siachiwena77 Sovereignty 442Amy Niang78 State capacity 446Clare Cummings79 State fragility 454Norman Sempijja80 Statehood 458Shingirai L. Taodzera81 Tax reforms and donor support 466Odd-Helge Fjeldstad82 Taxation and state-building 473Vanessa van den Boogaard and Tanya Bandula-Irwin83 Technology and technopolitics 480Adam Moe Fejerskov84 Traditional justice 484Monica De Souza Louw and Sindiso Mnisi Weeks85 Truth commissions 491Tim Murithi86 Urban informality 495Tom Goodfellow87 Urban politics 500Jeffrey W. Paller88 Welfare state 504Marianne S. Ulriksen89 Women and politics 508Aili Mari Tripp90 The WTO 514Faizel Ismail91 Youth 520Richard AsanteIndex 527

Edited by Anne Mette Kjær, Professor, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Denmark, Moses Khisa, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, North Carolina State University, USA and Research Fellow, Centre for International and Comparative Politics, Stellenbosch University, South Africa and Xichavo Alecia Ndlovu, Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, South Africa

‘This is an ambitious collection of over ninety essays on African politics covering a wide range of topics that are seldom captured in the same volume. Although the concepts and ideas are universal, the contributors tailor them to African contexts. In addition to typical themes and debates that dominate the study of African politics such as corruption, coups, democracy and elections, the Encyclopedia captures issues relevant to contemporary times including: global value chains, green transitions, internet access, and natural resource governance. The editors have succeeded in blending established and emerging generations of Africanist scholars, bringing old and fresh perspectives on diverse subjects. The Encyclopedia will be useful to courses at both undergraduate and graduate levels in development and politics.’

• ContentsIntroduction 1Anne Mette Kjær, Moses Khisa, and Xichavo Alecia Ndlovu1 African feminisms 3Corinne Knowles and Siphokazi Magadla2 African Union 11Issaka K. Souaré3 Agricultural policy 15Renata Serra4 Agricultural transformation 20Simon Tangen Søgaard5 Apartheid 27Madalitso Zililo Phiri6 Authoritarianism 34Christof Hartmann7 Borders and boundaries 39Phillip Apuuli Kasaija8 China–Africa 45Lina Benabdallah and YuJun Zou9 Chinese migrants 49Yoon Jung Park10 Christianity 55Elizabeth Sheridan Sperber11 Civil war 62Kendra Dupuy12 Constitutions 67Muna Ndulo13 Corruption 73Anna Persson14 Coups d’état 79Moses Khisa15 Debt management 84Enock W. N. Bulime16 Decentralisation 90Benjamin Chemouni17 Decolonisation 94Anye-Nkwenti Nyamnjoh18 Democracy and democratic backsliding 101Lise Rakner19 Development as idea 107Corrie Decker and Elisabeth McMahon20 Economic transformation 114David Booth21 Economy of affection 117Goran Hyden22 Education 121Abrehet Gebremedhin23 Election violence 126Fariha Tabassum Michael Wahman24 Elections 133Yonatan L. Morse25 Energy 139Christopher Gore26 Ethnicity 146Shaheen Mozaffar27 Extraversion 153Engbo Gissel and Peter Brett28 Federalism 157Asnake Kefale29 Foreign aid 164Kenneth Kalu30 Foreign policies 168John F. Clark and Stephanie Uviovo31 Formalisation 175Max Gallien and Vanessa van den Boogaard32 Global value chains 182Haftom Bayray Kahsay33 Governance 186Anne Mette Kjær34 The green transition 192Christopher Vandome35 Industrial policy 198Julius Kiiza36 Inequalities 205Jeremy Seekings37 Information control 211Lisa-Marie Selvik and Pauline Lemaire38 International Criminal Court 216Line Engbo Gissel39 International relations 222Maxine Rubin40 Internet access 229Pauline Lemaire and Lisa-Marie Selvik41 Islam 234Leonardo A. Villalón42 Judiciary 241Daniel R. Ruhweza43 Labour market precarity 247Grace-Edward Galabuzi44 Land tenure reform 252Catherine Boone45 Language 260Wanga Gambushe46 Liberation movements 265Henning Melber47 Marketplace politics 270Ane Edslev48 Military mutinies 275Maggie Dwyer49 Movement politics 278Joshua B. Rubongoya50 Natural resource governance 286Nelson Oppong51 “New scramble for Africa” 292Christopher Vandome52 Pan-Africanism 298Moses Khisa53 Parliaments 304Michaela Collord54 Party financing 312Chipo Dendere55 Party systems 314Xichavo Alecia Ndlovu56 Peacekeeping 321Jonathan Fisher and Nina Wilén57 Pockets of effectiveness 328Anne Mette Kjær58 Political accountability 332Rod Alence59 Political parties 338Matthias Krönke, Robert Mattes, and Sarah J. Lockwood60 Political science 345S. Wanjala Nasong’o61 Political settlement 352Hazel Gray62 Political unpredictability 356Rebecca Tapscott63 Poverty 363Marianne S. Ulriksen64 Pre-colonial organisations 365Godfrey Asiimwe65 Presidentialism 373Anja Osei66 Private foundations 380Adam Moe Fejerskov67 Protest 384Aditi Malik68 Public policy 389Gedion Onyango69 Rebel groups 396Christopher Day70 Reciprocity 403Lauren M. MacLean71 Refugees 409Badru Bukenya and Janet I. Lewis72 Regional integration 414Sabastiano Rwengabo73 The resource curse 421Ross Harvey74 The slave trade 428Nonso Obikili75 Social movements 432Gavaza Maluleke76 Social protection 437Hangala Siachiwena77 Sovereignty 442Amy Niang78 State capacity 446Clare Cummings79 State fragility 454Norman Sempijja80 Statehood 458Shingirai L. Taodzera81 Tax reforms and donor support 466Odd-Helge Fjeldstad82 Taxation and state-building 473Vanessa van den Boogaard and Tanya Bandula-Irwin83 Technology and technopolitics 480Adam Moe Fejerskov84 Traditional justice 484Monica De Souza Louw and Sindiso Mnisi Weeks85 Truth commissions 491Tim Murithi86 Urban informality 495Tom Goodfellow87 Urban politics 500Jeffrey W. Paller88 Welfare state 504Marianne S. Ulriksen89 Women and politics 508Aili Mari Tripp90 The WTO 514Faizel Ismail91 Youth 520Richard AsanteIndex 527