Edited by Clara Portela, Professor of Political Science, Department of Constitutional Law and Political Science, University of Valencia, Spain, Andrea Charron, Professor of International Relations and Director, Centre for Defence and Security Studies, University of Manitoba, Canada and Mirko Sossai, Professor of International Law, Department of Law, University Roma Tre, Italy

‘The editors of the Elgar Encyclopedia of International Sanctions have done a remarkable job of gathering an interdisciplinary group of scholars to analyze the use of sanctions from every conceivable angle, and to do so in clear and succinct fashion. This volume is destined to become the go-to source for scholars and practitioners in the field.’

• ContentsIntroduction 1Andrea Charron, Clara Portelaand Mirko SossaiPART I PROFILE OF SENDERS1 African Union and ECOWAS 5Kristen Boon and Nickolas Eburne2 Arab States 8Mirko Sossai3 Canada 11Andrea Charron and Meredith Lilly4 China 14Maria Adele Carrai5 Coalitions of the willing 17Mirko Sossai6 The Commonwealth 19Rishika Chauhan7 European Union 23Jan Lepeu8 France 26Mathilde Jeantil9 Japan 30Machiko Kanetake10 League of Nations 35Mirko Sossai11 Russian Federation (as a senderof sanctions) 38Anna Miromanova12 Switzerland 41Aurel Niederberger and Lukas Regli13 Ukraine 46Andrei Richter14 United Kingdom 49Yifan Jia15 United Nations 52Andrea Charron and Lindsay Speirs16 United States 57Bryan R. Early17 World Bank 61Francesco SeatzuPART II TYPES OF MEASURES18 Arms embargo 64Judith Vorrath19 Banking system 67Daniel Franchini20 Commodity sanctions 71Martijn C. Vlaskamp21 Countermeasures 74Martin Dawidowicz22 Development aid cut-offs 78Franziska F.N. Schreiber23 Diplomatic sanctions 81Lisa Neal24 Energy embargo 83Ksenia Kirkham25 Financial Action Task ForceRecommendations 86Anton Moiseienko26 Financial sanctions 89Sascha Lohmann27 Media sanctions 92Anna Pau28 Membership sanctions 96Martina Buscemi29 Sanctions on transport (air,ship, ground) 100Michael Brzoska30 Trade embargoes 103Dawid WalentekPART III KEY SANCTIONS EPISODES31 Angola 107Robert Fowler32 Belarus 111Yuliya Miadzvetskaya33 Cuba 115Susanne Gratius34 Democratic People’s Republicof Korea 118Laura Di Gianfrancesco35 Haiti 121Francesco Giumelli36 Iran 125Manuel Herrera37 Iraq 131Clara Portela38 Libya 134Thomas Kruiper39 Mali 137Tiziana Corda40 Myanmar 139Marco Bünte and Loren Bustos41 Russian Federation (sanctionsepisode) 142Iikka Korhonen42 Sierra Leone 146Alix J. Boucher43 South Africa 149Jo-Ansie van Wyk44 Syria 153Peter Seeberg45 Venezuela 156Stefano Palestini and Luciano Quispe46 Yemen 159Zuzana Hudáková47 Former Yugoslavia 161Antonio BultriniPART IV CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES48 Blocking statutes 165Daniel Ventura49 Confiscation 168Cedric Ryngaert50 Contracts 170Paschalis Paschalidis andBjörn ten Seldam51 Criminalisation of sanctionsviolation 173Jacob Öberg52 Domestic implementation 177Radka Druláková andŠtěpánka Zemanová53 Evasion and circumvention 180Keith A. Preble54 Gendered effects of sanctions 183Loraine Rickard-Martin55 Humanitarian carveouts 186Erica Moret56 International criminal justiceand sanctions 192Alice Riccardi57 Investment protection 196Javier García Olmedo58 Judicial review (EuropeanUnion) 200Celia Challet59 Legality and legitimacy 205Alexandra Hofer60 Measuring sanctions’effectiveness 208Thomas Biersteker61 Non-criminal penalties forsanctions violation 211Francesca Finelli62 Overcompliance 214Pierre-Hugues Verdier63 Proportionality of sanctions 216Nathanael Tilahun64 Sanctions and the use of force 219Yuleng Zeng65 Sanctions databases 221Kerim Can Kavaklı66 Sanction threats 224T. Clifton Morgan67 Secondary sanctions andthe extraterritorial effects ofsanctions 226Felipe Rodríguez Silvestre68 Security exceptions 230Iryna Bogdanova69 Targeted sanctions and thesanctions reform process 233George A. Lopez70 Termination of sanctions 235Clara Portela71 The UN Focal Point and UNOffice of the Ombudsperson 238Gavin Sullivan72 United Nations expert panels 244Caty ClémentPART V OBJECTIVES73 Sanctions against autocraticregimes 250Clara Portela74 Sanctions against organisedcrime 253Charmaine N. Willis75 Sanctions for conflict resolution 257John Agbonifo76 Sanctions for human rights anddemocracy 261Stefano Silingardi77 Sanctions for nuclear non-proliferation 268Armend Bekaj78 Sanctions in the fight againstterrorism 271Maruša T. Veber79 Sanctions to combat corruption 277Oliver Windridge

Edited by Clara Portela, Professor of Political Science, Department of Constitutional Law and Political Science, University of Valencia, Spain, Andrea Charron, Professor of International Relations and Director, Centre for Defence and Security Studies, University of Manitoba, Canada and Mirko Sossai, Professor of International Law, Department of Law, University Roma Tre, Italy

‘The editors of the Elgar Encyclopedia of International Sanctions have done a remarkable job of gathering an interdisciplinary group of scholars to analyze the use of sanctions from every conceivable angle, and to do so in clear and succinct fashion. This volume is destined to become the go-to source for scholars and practitioners in the field.’

• ContentsIntroduction 1Andrea Charron, Clara Portelaand Mirko SossaiPART I PROFILE OF SENDERS1 African Union and ECOWAS 5Kristen Boon and Nickolas Eburne2 Arab States 8Mirko Sossai3 Canada 11Andrea Charron and Meredith Lilly4 China 14Maria Adele Carrai5 Coalitions of the willing 17Mirko Sossai6 The Commonwealth 19Rishika Chauhan7 European Union 23Jan Lepeu8 France 26Mathilde Jeantil9 Japan 30Machiko Kanetake10 League of Nations 35Mirko Sossai11 Russian Federation (as a senderof sanctions) 38Anna Miromanova12 Switzerland 41Aurel Niederberger and Lukas Regli13 Ukraine 46Andrei Richter14 United Kingdom 49Yifan Jia15 United Nations 52Andrea Charron and Lindsay Speirs16 United States 57Bryan R. Early17 World Bank 61Francesco SeatzuPART II TYPES OF MEASURES18 Arms embargo 64Judith Vorrath19 Banking system 67Daniel Franchini20 Commodity sanctions 71Martijn C. Vlaskamp21 Countermeasures 74Martin Dawidowicz22 Development aid cut-offs 78Franziska F.N. Schreiber23 Diplomatic sanctions 81Lisa Neal24 Energy embargo 83Ksenia Kirkham25 Financial Action Task ForceRecommendations 86Anton Moiseienko26 Financial sanctions 89Sascha Lohmann27 Media sanctions 92Anna Pau28 Membership sanctions 96Martina Buscemi29 Sanctions on transport (air,ship, ground) 100Michael Brzoska30 Trade embargoes 103Dawid WalentekPART III KEY SANCTIONS EPISODES31 Angola 107Robert Fowler32 Belarus 111Yuliya Miadzvetskaya33 Cuba 115Susanne Gratius34 Democratic People’s Republicof Korea 118Laura Di Gianfrancesco35 Haiti 121Francesco Giumelli36 Iran 125Manuel Herrera37 Iraq 131Clara Portela38 Libya 134Thomas Kruiper39 Mali 137Tiziana Corda40 Myanmar 139Marco Bünte and Loren Bustos41 Russian Federation (sanctionsepisode) 142Iikka Korhonen42 Sierra Leone 146Alix J. Boucher43 South Africa 149Jo-Ansie van Wyk44 Syria 153Peter Seeberg45 Venezuela 156Stefano Palestini and Luciano Quispe46 Yemen 159Zuzana Hudáková47 Former Yugoslavia 161Antonio BultriniPART IV CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES48 Blocking statutes 165Daniel Ventura49 Confiscation 168Cedric Ryngaert50 Contracts 170Paschalis Paschalidis andBjörn ten Seldam51 Criminalisation of sanctionsviolation 173Jacob Öberg52 Domestic implementation 177Radka Druláková andŠtěpánka Zemanová53 Evasion and circumvention 180Keith A. Preble54 Gendered effects of sanctions 183Loraine Rickard-Martin55 Humanitarian carveouts 186Erica Moret56 International criminal justiceand sanctions 192Alice Riccardi57 Investment protection 196Javier García Olmedo58 Judicial review (EuropeanUnion) 200Celia Challet59 Legality and legitimacy 205Alexandra Hofer60 Measuring sanctions’effectiveness 208Thomas Biersteker61 Non-criminal penalties forsanctions violation 211Francesca Finelli62 Overcompliance 214Pierre-Hugues Verdier63 Proportionality of sanctions 216Nathanael Tilahun64 Sanctions and the use of force 219Yuleng Zeng65 Sanctions databases 221Kerim Can Kavaklı66 Sanction threats 224T. Clifton Morgan67 Secondary sanctions andthe extraterritorial effects ofsanctions 226Felipe Rodríguez Silvestre68 Security exceptions 230Iryna Bogdanova69 Targeted sanctions and thesanctions reform process 233George A. Lopez70 Termination of sanctions 235Clara Portela71 The UN Focal Point and UNOffice of the Ombudsperson 238Gavin Sullivan72 United Nations expert panels 244Caty ClémentPART V OBJECTIVES73 Sanctions against autocraticregimes 250Clara Portela74 Sanctions against organisedcrime 253Charmaine N. Willis75 Sanctions for conflict resolution 257John Agbonifo76 Sanctions for human rights anddemocracy 261Stefano Silingardi77 Sanctions for nuclear non-proliferation 268Armend Bekaj78 Sanctions in the fight againstterrorism 271Maruša T. Veber79 Sanctions to combat corruption 277Oliver Windridge

Edited by Clara Portela, Professor of Political Science, Department of Constitutional Law and Political Science, University of Valencia, Spain, Andrea Charron, Professor of International Relations and Director, Centre for Defence and Security Studies, University of Manitoba, Canada and Mirko Sossai, Professor of International Law, Department of Law, University Roma Tre, Italy

‘The editors of the Elgar Encyclopedia of International Sanctions have done a remarkable job of gathering an interdisciplinary group of scholars to analyze the use of sanctions from every conceivable angle, and to do so in clear and succinct fashion. This volume is destined to become the go-to source for scholars and practitioners in the field.’

• ContentsIntroduction 1Andrea Charron, Clara Portelaand Mirko SossaiPART I PROFILE OF SENDERS1 African Union and ECOWAS 5Kristen Boon and Nickolas Eburne2 Arab States 8Mirko Sossai3 Canada 11Andrea Charron and Meredith Lilly4 China 14Maria Adele Carrai5 Coalitions of the willing 17Mirko Sossai6 The Commonwealth 19Rishika Chauhan7 European Union 23Jan Lepeu8 France 26Mathilde Jeantil9 Japan 30Machiko Kanetake10 League of Nations 35Mirko Sossai11 Russian Federation (as a senderof sanctions) 38Anna Miromanova12 Switzerland 41Aurel Niederberger and Lukas Regli13 Ukraine 46Andrei Richter14 United Kingdom 49Yifan Jia15 United Nations 52Andrea Charron and Lindsay Speirs16 United States 57Bryan R. Early17 World Bank 61Francesco SeatzuPART II TYPES OF MEASURES18 Arms embargo 64Judith Vorrath19 Banking system 67Daniel Franchini20 Commodity sanctions 71Martijn C. Vlaskamp21 Countermeasures 74Martin Dawidowicz22 Development aid cut-offs 78Franziska F.N. Schreiber23 Diplomatic sanctions 81Lisa Neal24 Energy embargo 83Ksenia Kirkham25 Financial Action Task ForceRecommendations 86Anton Moiseienko26 Financial sanctions 89Sascha Lohmann27 Media sanctions 92Anna Pau28 Membership sanctions 96Martina Buscemi29 Sanctions on transport (air,ship, ground) 100Michael Brzoska30 Trade embargoes 103Dawid WalentekPART III KEY SANCTIONS EPISODES31 Angola 107Robert Fowler32 Belarus 111Yuliya Miadzvetskaya33 Cuba 115Susanne Gratius34 Democratic People’s Republicof Korea 118Laura Di Gianfrancesco35 Haiti 121Francesco Giumelli36 Iran 125Manuel Herrera37 Iraq 131Clara Portela38 Libya 134Thomas Kruiper39 Mali 137Tiziana Corda40 Myanmar 139Marco Bünte and Loren Bustos41 Russian Federation (sanctionsepisode) 142Iikka Korhonen42 Sierra Leone 146Alix J. Boucher43 South Africa 149Jo-Ansie van Wyk44 Syria 153Peter Seeberg45 Venezuela 156Stefano Palestini and Luciano Quispe46 Yemen 159Zuzana Hudáková47 Former Yugoslavia 161Antonio BultriniPART IV CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES48 Blocking statutes 165Daniel Ventura49 Confiscation 168Cedric Ryngaert50 Contracts 170Paschalis Paschalidis andBjörn ten Seldam51 Criminalisation of sanctionsviolation 173Jacob Öberg52 Domestic implementation 177Radka Druláková andŠtěpánka Zemanová53 Evasion and circumvention 180Keith A. Preble54 Gendered effects of sanctions 183Loraine Rickard-Martin55 Humanitarian carveouts 186Erica Moret56 International criminal justiceand sanctions 192Alice Riccardi57 Investment protection 196Javier García Olmedo58 Judicial review (EuropeanUnion) 200Celia Challet59 Legality and legitimacy 205Alexandra Hofer60 Measuring sanctions’effectiveness 208Thomas Biersteker61 Non-criminal penalties forsanctions violation 211Francesca Finelli62 Overcompliance 214Pierre-Hugues Verdier63 Proportionality of sanctions 216Nathanael Tilahun64 Sanctions and the use of force 219Yuleng Zeng65 Sanctions databases 221Kerim Can Kavaklı66 Sanction threats 224T. Clifton Morgan67 Secondary sanctions andthe extraterritorial effects ofsanctions 226Felipe Rodríguez Silvestre68 Security exceptions 230Iryna Bogdanova69 Targeted sanctions and thesanctions reform process 233George A. Lopez70 Termination of sanctions 235Clara Portela71 The UN Focal Point and UNOffice of the Ombudsperson 238Gavin Sullivan72 United Nations expert panels 244Caty ClémentPART V OBJECTIVES73 Sanctions against autocraticregimes 250Clara Portela74 Sanctions against organisedcrime 253Charmaine N. Willis75 Sanctions for conflict resolution 257John Agbonifo76 Sanctions for human rights anddemocracy 261Stefano Silingardi77 Sanctions for nuclear non-proliferation 268Armend Bekaj78 Sanctions in the fight againstterrorism 271Maruša T. Veber79 Sanctions to combat corruption 277Oliver Windridge