It is a privilege to present this edited volume comprising selected scholarly contributions from the 2nd International Conference on Applied Research in Engineering Sciences (ICARES-2025), organized by the Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Humanities of Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru. The conference held under the auspices of the Gokula Education Foundation (GEF), established in 1962 by the distinguished philanthropist Dr. M. S. Ramaiah, whose vision continues to inspire excellence in education, research and societal advancement. Ramaiah Institute of Technology remains committed to this legacy by fostering innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and global academic engagement.

It is a privilege to present this edited volume comprising selected scholarly contributions from the 2nd International Conference on Applied Research in Engineering Sciences (ICARES-2025), organized by the Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Humanities of Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru. The conference held under the auspices of the Gokula Education Foundation (GEF), established in 1962 by the distinguished philanthropist Dr. M. S. Ramaiah, whose vision continues to inspire excellence in education, research and societal advancement. Ramaiah Institute of Technology remains committed to this legacy by fostering innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and global academic engagement.

It is a privilege to present this edited volume comprising selected scholarly contributions from the 2nd International Conference on Applied Research in Engineering Sciences (ICARES-2025), organized by the Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Humanities of Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru. The conference held under the auspices of the Gokula Education Foundation (GEF), established in 1962 by the distinguished philanthropist Dr. M. S. Ramaiah, whose vision continues to inspire excellence in education, research and societal advancement. Ramaiah Institute of Technology remains committed to this legacy by fostering innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and global academic engagement.