Karolina Wanda Olszowska is Assistant Professor at the Faculty of International and Political Studies at Jagiellonian University.Paulina Dominik is Dan David Postdoctoral Fellow at the Faculty of Humanities at Tel Aviv University and former Max Weber Postdoctoral Fellow at the European University Institute.Agnieszka Ayşen Kaim is Associate Professor at the Institute of Slavic Studies at the Polish Academy of Sciences.Hacer Topaktaş Üstüner is Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the Faculty of Letters at Istanbul University.Zofia Gródek-Szostak is Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics and Organization of Enterprises at the Kraków University of Economics.Karol Wasilewski is Head of the Turkey, Caucasus and Central Asia Department at the Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW).

• List of Tables viiAbout the Authors viiiAcknowledgements xIntroduction 11 Public Diplomacy in 18th-Century Polish–Ottoman Relations 61.1 Public Diplomacy as an Instrument of International Cooperation 71.2 Cultural Diplomacy in Polish–Ottoman Relations from the Perspective of Extraordinary Envoys 151.3 Polyphonies of Public Diplomacy and Their Implications for Polish–Ottoman Relations 231.4 Conclusion 252 Polish–Ottoman Geopolitical Entanglements from the Late 18th to the Early 20th Century 372.1 A Forgotten Alliance: Poland–Lithuania, the Ottoman Empire and the Defence of Europe 382.2 Polish–Ottoman Cooperation in the 19th Century: Imperial Contexts, Independence Projects and Polish Activism 412.2.1 Stateless Diplomacy: Hôtel Lambert and the Eastern Mission 452.2.2 Adampol (Polonezköy): A Strategic Settlement and Symbolic Outpost 492.2.3 War as Opportunity: Polish Geopolitical Ambitions amid Russo-Ottoman Conflagrations 502.2.4 The Young Poles and the Young Ottomans 522.2.5 The End of the Polish Era 532.3 Turkey in the Promethean Plans of the Second Republic of Poland: Between Shared Interests and Pragmatic Distance 542.3.1 Turkey as a Geopolitical Partner and Laboratory 582.4 Conclusion 593 The Identity and Transculturality of Ottoman Go-Betweens of Polish Origin and Their Role as Intermediaries in the Modernisation of the Ottoman/Turkish State 703.1 Multilayered Identity and Transculturalism of Ottoman/Polish Subjects 703.1.1 Heritage of “Imagined Polishness and Poland” 713.1.2 Conversion 723.1.3 Inter-Religious Identities 743.2 Varieties of Ottoman/Turkish Patriotism in the Case of Go-Betweens of Polish Origin 743.3 Transmission of European Cultural Models to the New State in the Context of Modernisation 763.4 Contact Zone and Polish Istanbul 813.5 Conclusion 844 From Ambivalence to Sustainable Economic Cooperation 914.1 In Two Blocs of Influence—The Relationship in the Period after the Second World War and during the Cold War 924.2 Systemic Frameworks for Economic Cooperation 1064.3 Directions for Sustainable Economic Cooperation 1304.4 Conclusion 1325 Poland and Turkey after the Cold War—A Stable Relationship in an Increasingly Unstable International Order 1395.1 A Payback Time—Turkey’s Road to the European Union and Poland’s Stance 1395.2 “New Turkey” and Its Complex Relationship with the EU—A View from Warsaw 1455.3 New Ideas to Anchor Turkey in Europe after the Fiasco of the Accession Negotiations 148Index 153

Karolina Wanda Olszowska is Assistant Professor at the Faculty of International and Political Studies at Jagiellonian University.Paulina Dominik is Dan David Postdoctoral Fellow at the Faculty of Humanities at Tel Aviv University and former Max Weber Postdoctoral Fellow at the European University Institute.Agnieszka Ayşen Kaim is Associate Professor at the Institute of Slavic Studies at the Polish Academy of Sciences.Hacer Topaktaş Üstüner is Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the Faculty of Letters at Istanbul University.Zofia Gródek-Szostak is Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics and Organization of Enterprises at the Kraków University of Economics.Karol Wasilewski is Head of the Turkey, Caucasus and Central Asia Department at the Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW).

• List of Tables viiAbout the Authors viiiAcknowledgements xIntroduction 11 Public Diplomacy in 18th-Century Polish–Ottoman Relations 61.1 Public Diplomacy as an Instrument of International Cooperation 71.2 Cultural Diplomacy in Polish–Ottoman Relations from the Perspective of Extraordinary Envoys 151.3 Polyphonies of Public Diplomacy and Their Implications for Polish–Ottoman Relations 231.4 Conclusion 252 Polish–Ottoman Geopolitical Entanglements from the Late 18th to the Early 20th Century 372.1 A Forgotten Alliance: Poland–Lithuania, the Ottoman Empire and the Defence of Europe 382.2 Polish–Ottoman Cooperation in the 19th Century: Imperial Contexts, Independence Projects and Polish Activism 412.2.1 Stateless Diplomacy: Hôtel Lambert and the Eastern Mission 452.2.2 Adampol (Polonezköy): A Strategic Settlement and Symbolic Outpost 492.2.3 War as Opportunity: Polish Geopolitical Ambitions amid Russo-Ottoman Conflagrations 502.2.4 The Young Poles and the Young Ottomans 522.2.5 The End of the Polish Era 532.3 Turkey in the Promethean Plans of the Second Republic of Poland: Between Shared Interests and Pragmatic Distance 542.3.1 Turkey as a Geopolitical Partner and Laboratory 582.4 Conclusion 593 The Identity and Transculturality of Ottoman Go-Betweens of Polish Origin and Their Role as Intermediaries in the Modernisation of the Ottoman/Turkish State 703.1 Multilayered Identity and Transculturalism of Ottoman/Polish Subjects 703.1.1 Heritage of “Imagined Polishness and Poland” 713.1.2 Conversion 723.1.3 Inter-Religious Identities 743.2 Varieties of Ottoman/Turkish Patriotism in the Case of Go-Betweens of Polish Origin 743.3 Transmission of European Cultural Models to the New State in the Context of Modernisation 763.4 Contact Zone and Polish Istanbul 813.5 Conclusion 844 From Ambivalence to Sustainable Economic Cooperation 914.1 In Two Blocs of Influence—The Relationship in the Period after the Second World War and during the Cold War 924.2 Systemic Frameworks for Economic Cooperation 1064.3 Directions for Sustainable Economic Cooperation 1304.4 Conclusion 1325 Poland and Turkey after the Cold War—A Stable Relationship in an Increasingly Unstable International Order 1395.1 A Payback Time—Turkey’s Road to the European Union and Poland’s Stance 1395.2 “New Turkey” and Its Complex Relationship with the EU—A View from Warsaw 1455.3 New Ideas to Anchor Turkey in Europe after the Fiasco of the Accession Negotiations 148Index 153