Sean Wallis is Principal Research Fellow and Deputy Director of the Survey of English Usage at UCL.

• Preface Acknowledgments A Note on Terminology and Notation PART 1: Motivations 1 What Might Corpora Tell Us About Language? PART 2: Designing Experiments With Corpora 2 The Idea of Corpus Experiments 3 That Vexed Problem of Choice 4 Choice Versus Meaning 5 Balanced Samples and Imagined Populations PART 3: Confidence Intervals and Significance Tests 6 Introducing Inferential Statistics 7 Plotting With Confidence 8 From Intervals to Tests 9 An Algebra of Intervals 10 Competition Between Choices Over Time 11 The Replication Crisis and the New Statistics 12 Choosing the Right Test PART 4: Effect Sizes and Meta-Tests 13 The Size of an Effect 14 Meta- Tests for Comparing Tables of Results PART 5: Statistical Solutions for Corpus Samples 15 Conducting Research With Imperfect Data 16 Adjusting Intervals for Random-Text Samples PART 6: Concluding Remarks 17 Plotting the Wilson Distribution 18 In Conclusion Appendix A The Interval Equality Principle Appendix B Pseudo-Code for Computational Procedures Glossary References Index

Sean Wallis is Principal Research Fellow and Deputy Director of the Survey of English Usage at UCL.

• Preface Acknowledgments A Note on Terminology and Notation PART 1: Motivations 1 What Might Corpora Tell Us About Language? PART 2: Designing Experiments With Corpora 2 The Idea of Corpus Experiments 3 That Vexed Problem of Choice 4 Choice Versus Meaning 5 Balanced Samples and Imagined Populations PART 3: Confidence Intervals and Significance Tests 6 Introducing Inferential Statistics 7 Plotting With Confidence 8 From Intervals to Tests 9 An Algebra of Intervals 10 Competition Between Choices Over Time 11 The Replication Crisis and the New Statistics 12 Choosing the Right Test PART 4: Effect Sizes and Meta-Tests 13 The Size of an Effect 14 Meta- Tests for Comparing Tables of Results PART 5: Statistical Solutions for Corpus Samples 15 Conducting Research With Imperfect Data 16 Adjusting Intervals for Random-Text Samples PART 6: Concluding Remarks 17 Plotting the Wilson Distribution 18 In Conclusion Appendix A The Interval Equality Principle Appendix B Pseudo-Code for Computational Procedures Glossary References Index

Sean Wallis is Principal Research Fellow and Deputy Director of the Survey of English Usage at UCL.

• Preface Acknowledgments A Note on Terminology and Notation PART 1: Motivations 1 What Might Corpora Tell Us About Language? PART 2: Designing Experiments With Corpora 2 The Idea of Corpus Experiments 3 That Vexed Problem of Choice 4 Choice Versus Meaning 5 Balanced Samples and Imagined Populations PART 3: Confidence Intervals and Significance Tests 6 Introducing Inferential Statistics 7 Plotting With Confidence 8 From Intervals to Tests 9 An Algebra of Intervals 10 Competition Between Choices Over Time 11 The Replication Crisis and the New Statistics 12 Choosing the Right Test PART 4: Effect Sizes and Meta-Tests 13 The Size of an Effect 14 Meta- Tests for Comparing Tables of Results PART 5: Statistical Solutions for Corpus Samples 15 Conducting Research With Imperfect Data 16 Adjusting Intervals for Random-Text Samples PART 6: Concluding Remarks 17 Plotting the Wilson Distribution 18 In Conclusion Appendix A The Interval Equality Principle Appendix B Pseudo-Code for Computational Procedures Glossary References Index