Adam Ledgeway is Professor of Italian and Romance Linguistics and Chair of the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages at the University of Cambridge. His research interests are in the comparative history and morphosyntax of the Romance languages, Italian dialectology, syntactic theory and linguistic change. His recent books include From Latin to Romance: Morphosyntactic Typology and Change (2012) and Diachrony and Dialects: Grammatical Change in the Dialects of Italy (co-edited with P. Beninc... and N. Vincent, 2014). Ian Roberts is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Cambridge. His research interests are in comparative syntax, set against the background assumptions of Universal Grammar argued for by Noam Chomsky. He currently holds a European Research Council Advanced Grant for a project to investigate a hypothesis as to the way in which grammatical options made available by Universal Grammar are organised. His recent publications include Parametric Variation (co-edited with T. Biberauer, A. Holmberg and M. Sheehan, Cambridge, 2009) and Syntactic Variation: The Dialects of Italy (co-edited with R. D'Alessandro and A. Ledgeway, Cambridge, 2010).

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• Introduction Adam Ledgeway and Ian Roberts; Part I. Types and Mechanisms of Syntactic Change: 1. Grammaticalization Heiko Narrog and Bernd Heine; 2. Degrammaticalization David Willis; 3. Exaptation John Haiman; 4. Reanalysis Nerea Madariaga; 5. Analogy and extension Alice C. Harris; 6. Restructuring David W. Lightfoot; 7. Parameter setting Theresa Biberauer and Ian Roberts; 8. Contact and borrowing Tania Kuteva; Part II. Methods and Tools: 9. The comparative method and comparative reconstruction James Clackson; 10. Internal reconstruction Gisella Ferraresi and Maria Goldbach; 11. Corpora and quantitative methods Susan Pintzuk, Ann Taylor and Anthony Warner; 12. Phylogenetic reconstruction in syntax: the parametric comparison method Giuseppe Longobardi and Cristina Guardiano; Part III. Principles and Constraints: 13. Universal grammar Anders Holmberg; 14. Abduction Henning Andersen; 15. Transparency David W. Lightfoot; 16. Uniformitarianism Ian Roberts; 17. Markedness, naturalness and complexity Anna Roussou; 18. Acquisition and learnability David W. Lightfoot; Part IV. Major Issues and Themes: 19. The actuation problem George Walkden; 20. Inertia Ian Roberts; 21. Gradience and gradualness vs abruptness Marit Westergaard; 22. Cyclicity Elly van Gelderen; Part V. Explanations: 23. Endogenous and exogenous theories of syntactic change David Willis; 24. Imperfect transmission and discontinuity David W. Lightfoot; 25. Social conditioning Suzanne Romaine; 26. Non-syntactic sources and triggers of syntactic change Laurel J. Brinton and Elizabeth Closs Traugott; Part VI. Models and Approaches: 27. Principles and parameters Adam Ledgeway and Ian Roberts; 28. Biolinguistics Cedric Boeckx, Pedro Tiago Martins and Evelina Leivada; 29. Lexical-functional grammar Kersti Börjars and Nigel Vincent; 30. Typological approaches Sonia Cristofaro and Paolo Ramat; 31. Functional approaches Marianne Mithun.

Adam Ledgeway is Professor of Italian and Romance Linguistics and Chair of the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages at the University of Cambridge. His research interests are in the comparative history and morphosyntax of the Romance languages, Italian dialectology, syntactic theory and linguistic change. His recent books include From Latin to Romance: Morphosyntactic Typology and Change (2012) and Diachrony and Dialects: Grammatical Change in the Dialects of Italy (co-edited with P. Beninc... and N. Vincent, 2014). Ian Roberts is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Cambridge. His research interests are in comparative syntax, set against the background assumptions of Universal Grammar argued for by Noam Chomsky. He currently holds a European Research Council Advanced Grant for a project to investigate a hypothesis as to the way in which grammatical options made available by Universal Grammar are organised. His recent publications include Parametric Variation (co-edited with T. Biberauer, A. Holmberg and M. Sheehan, Cambridge, 2009) and Syntactic Variation: The Dialects of Italy (co-edited with R. D'Alessandro and A. Ledgeway, Cambridge, 2010).

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• Introduction Adam Ledgeway and Ian Roberts; Part I. Types and Mechanisms of Syntactic Change: 1. Grammaticalization Heiko Narrog and Bernd Heine; 2. Degrammaticalization David Willis; 3. Exaptation John Haiman; 4. Reanalysis Nerea Madariaga; 5. Analogy and extension Alice C. Harris; 6. Restructuring David W. Lightfoot; 7. Parameter setting Theresa Biberauer and Ian Roberts; 8. Contact and borrowing Tania Kuteva; Part II. Methods and Tools: 9. The comparative method and comparative reconstruction James Clackson; 10. Internal reconstruction Gisella Ferraresi and Maria Goldbach; 11. Corpora and quantitative methods Susan Pintzuk, Ann Taylor and Anthony Warner; 12. Phylogenetic reconstruction in syntax: the parametric comparison method Giuseppe Longobardi and Cristina Guardiano; Part III. Principles and Constraints: 13. Universal grammar Anders Holmberg; 14. Abduction Henning Andersen; 15. Transparency David W. Lightfoot; 16. Uniformitarianism Ian Roberts; 17. Markedness, naturalness and complexity Anna Roussou; 18. Acquisition and learnability David W. Lightfoot; Part IV. Major Issues and Themes: 19. The actuation problem George Walkden; 20. Inertia Ian Roberts; 21. Gradience and gradualness vs abruptness Marit Westergaard; 22. Cyclicity Elly van Gelderen; Part V. Explanations: 23. Endogenous and exogenous theories of syntactic change David Willis; 24. Imperfect transmission and discontinuity David W. Lightfoot; 25. Social conditioning Suzanne Romaine; 26. Non-syntactic sources and triggers of syntactic change Laurel J. Brinton and Elizabeth Closs Traugott; Part VI. Models and Approaches: 27. Principles and parameters Adam Ledgeway and Ian Roberts; 28. Biolinguistics Cedric Boeckx, Pedro Tiago Martins and Evelina Leivada; 29. Lexical-functional grammar Kersti Börjars and Nigel Vincent; 30. Typological approaches Sonia Cristofaro and Paolo Ramat; 31. Functional approaches Marianne Mithun.

Adam Ledgeway is Professor of Italian and Romance Linguistics and Chair of the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages at the University of Cambridge. His research interests are in the comparative history and morphosyntax of the Romance languages, Italian dialectology, syntactic theory and linguistic change. His recent books include From Latin to Romance: Morphosyntactic Typology and Change (2012) and Diachrony and Dialects: Grammatical Change in the Dialects of Italy (co-edited with P. Beninc... and N. Vincent, 2014). Ian Roberts is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Cambridge. His research interests are in comparative syntax, set against the background assumptions of Universal Grammar argued for by Noam Chomsky. He currently holds a European Research Council Advanced Grant for a project to investigate a hypothesis as to the way in which grammatical options made available by Universal Grammar are organised. His recent publications include Parametric Variation (co-edited with T. Biberauer, A. Holmberg and M. Sheehan, Cambridge, 2009) and Syntactic Variation: The Dialects of Italy (co-edited with R. D'Alessandro and A. Ledgeway, Cambridge, 2010).

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• Introduction Adam Ledgeway and Ian Roberts; Part I. Types and Mechanisms of Syntactic Change: 1. Grammaticalization Heiko Narrog and Bernd Heine; 2. Degrammaticalization David Willis; 3. Exaptation John Haiman; 4. Reanalysis Nerea Madariaga; 5. Analogy and extension Alice C. Harris; 6. Restructuring David W. Lightfoot; 7. Parameter setting Theresa Biberauer and Ian Roberts; 8. Contact and borrowing Tania Kuteva; Part II. Methods and Tools: 9. The comparative method and comparative reconstruction James Clackson; 10. Internal reconstruction Gisella Ferraresi and Maria Goldbach; 11. Corpora and quantitative methods Susan Pintzuk, Ann Taylor and Anthony Warner; 12. Phylogenetic reconstruction in syntax: the parametric comparison method Giuseppe Longobardi and Cristina Guardiano; Part III. Principles and Constraints: 13. Universal grammar Anders Holmberg; 14. Abduction Henning Andersen; 15. Transparency David W. Lightfoot; 16. Uniformitarianism Ian Roberts; 17. Markedness, naturalness and complexity Anna Roussou; 18. Acquisition and learnability David W. Lightfoot; Part IV. Major Issues and Themes: 19. The actuation problem George Walkden; 20. Inertia Ian Roberts; 21. Gradience and gradualness vs abruptness Marit Westergaard; 22. Cyclicity Elly van Gelderen; Part V. Explanations: 23. Endogenous and exogenous theories of syntactic change David Willis; 24. Imperfect transmission and discontinuity David W. Lightfoot; 25. Social conditioning Suzanne Romaine; 26. Non-syntactic sources and triggers of syntactic change Laurel J. Brinton and Elizabeth Closs Traugott; Part VI. Models and Approaches: 27. Principles and parameters Adam Ledgeway and Ian Roberts; 28. Biolinguistics Cedric Boeckx, Pedro Tiago Martins and Evelina Leivada; 29. Lexical-functional grammar Kersti Börjars and Nigel Vincent; 30. Typological approaches Sonia Cristofaro and Paolo Ramat; 31. Functional approaches Marianne Mithun.