Ilaria Espa is a Marie Curie Senior Research Fellow at the World Trade Institute (WTI), University of Bern, and a member of the Work Package on 'Trade and Climate Change' of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research programme in Trade Regulation. She was a visiting scholar at Columbia Law School, and she has served as a consultant for the Trade and Environment Division of the WTO and for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy.

'In conclusion, academics, students, and practitioners should consider this contribution as an excellent overview of the topic of export restrictions that is not limited to a presentation of the current disciplines, but that also offers an insight into the future by explaining how these disciplines might develop. Recent developments, such as the third export restriction complaint brought against China in the WTO, and the imposition of export duties on scrap metals by Ukraine constitute evidence of the continuing relevance of this fascinating topic.' Dyland Geraets, World Trade Review

• Foreword Giorgio Sacerdoti; Acknowledgements; List of abbreviations; WTO reports; GATT panel reports; Introduction; Part I. Minerals and Metals Critical to the World Economy and the Recent Proliferation of Export Restrictions: 1. Evolving world trade patterns in critical minerals and metals; 2. The landscape of export restrictions on critical minerals and metals; 3. Economic effects and policy goals of mineral export restraints; Part II. Existing WTO Disciplines on Export Restrictions: 4. WTO disciplines on export duties; 5. WTO disciplines on export quantitative restrictions; 6. GATT general exceptions relevant and applicable to WTO-inconsistent export restrictions; Part III. Regulatory Prospects: 7. Understanding the multifaceted discourse on export restrictions in the WTO: a brief conceptual framework; 8. Export restrictions in the Doha Round negotiations; 9. The way forward; Appendix 1. Export taxes applied to critical minerals and metals (2008–14); Appendix 2. Export licensing schemes applied to critical minerals and metals (2008–14); Bibliography; Index.

Ilaria Espa is a Marie Curie Senior Research Fellow at the World Trade Institute (WTI), University of Bern, and a member of the Work Package on 'Trade and Climate Change' of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research programme in Trade Regulation. She was a visiting scholar at Columbia Law School, and she has served as a consultant for the Trade and Environment Division of the WTO and for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy.

'In conclusion, academics, students, and practitioners should consider this contribution as an excellent overview of the topic of export restrictions that is not limited to a presentation of the current disciplines, but that also offers an insight into the future by explaining how these disciplines might develop. Recent developments, such as the third export restriction complaint brought against China in the WTO, and the imposition of export duties on scrap metals by Ukraine constitute evidence of the continuing relevance of this fascinating topic.' Dyland Geraets, World Trade Review

• Foreword Giorgio Sacerdoti; Acknowledgements; List of abbreviations; WTO reports; GATT panel reports; Introduction; Part I. Minerals and Metals Critical to the World Economy and the Recent Proliferation of Export Restrictions: 1. Evolving world trade patterns in critical minerals and metals; 2. The landscape of export restrictions on critical minerals and metals; 3. Economic effects and policy goals of mineral export restraints; Part II. Existing WTO Disciplines on Export Restrictions: 4. WTO disciplines on export duties; 5. WTO disciplines on export quantitative restrictions; 6. GATT general exceptions relevant and applicable to WTO-inconsistent export restrictions; Part III. Regulatory Prospects: 7. Understanding the multifaceted discourse on export restrictions in the WTO: a brief conceptual framework; 8. Export restrictions in the Doha Round negotiations; 9. The way forward; Appendix 1. Export taxes applied to critical minerals and metals (2008–14); Appendix 2. Export licensing schemes applied to critical minerals and metals (2008–14); Bibliography; Index.

Ilaria Espa is a Marie Curie Senior Research Fellow at the World Trade Institute (WTI), University of Bern, and a member of the Work Package on 'Trade and Climate Change' of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research programme in Trade Regulation. She was a visiting scholar at Columbia Law School, and she has served as a consultant for the Trade and Environment Division of the WTO and for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy.

'In conclusion, academics, students, and practitioners should consider this contribution as an excellent overview of the topic of export restrictions that is not limited to a presentation of the current disciplines, but that also offers an insight into the future by explaining how these disciplines might develop. Recent developments, such as the third export restriction complaint brought against China in the WTO, and the imposition of export duties on scrap metals by Ukraine constitute evidence of the continuing relevance of this fascinating topic.' Dyland Geraets, World Trade Review

• Foreword Giorgio Sacerdoti; Acknowledgements; List of abbreviations; WTO reports; GATT panel reports; Introduction; Part I. Minerals and Metals Critical to the World Economy and the Recent Proliferation of Export Restrictions: 1. Evolving world trade patterns in critical minerals and metals; 2. The landscape of export restrictions on critical minerals and metals; 3. Economic effects and policy goals of mineral export restraints; Part II. Existing WTO Disciplines on Export Restrictions: 4. WTO disciplines on export duties; 5. WTO disciplines on export quantitative restrictions; 6. GATT general exceptions relevant and applicable to WTO-inconsistent export restrictions; Part III. Regulatory Prospects: 7. Understanding the multifaceted discourse on export restrictions in the WTO: a brief conceptual framework; 8. Export restrictions in the Doha Round negotiations; 9. The way forward; Appendix 1. Export taxes applied to critical minerals and metals (2008–14); Appendix 2. Export licensing schemes applied to critical minerals and metals (2008–14); Bibliography; Index.