Emma Hunter is a Lecturer in History at the University of Edinburgh. She has published in the Historical Journal, the Journal of Global History, and the African Studies Review.

'Analyzing a rich array of Swhaili-language newspapers and other sources, Emma Hunter brings out the multiple meanings that the people of colonial Tanganyika attached to concepts like freedom, progress, citizenship and representation. Examining debates over forms of belonging, claims to material and social resources and efforts to build local as well as national institutions, she shows that it was only in retrospect, and only partially, that Tanzanian elites reduced the demand for liberation to the assertion of national independence. She demonstrates the interplay of political discourse across localities and regional centers, in the colony as a whole, across the British empire and on an international scale.' Frederick Cooper, author of Africa since 1940: The Past of the Present

• Introduction; 1. Concepts of progress in mid-twentieth-century Tanzania; 2. Transnational languages of democracy after 1945; 3. Representation, imperial citizenship and the political subject in late colonial Tanganyika; 4. Patriotic citizenship and the case of the Kilimanjaro Chagga Citizens Union; 5. Freedom in translation; 6. Languages of democracy in Kilimanjaro and the fall of Marealle; 7. One party democracy: citizenship and political society in the post-colonial state; 8. Ujamaa and the Arusha Declaration; Conclusion.

Emma Hunter is a Lecturer in History at the University of Edinburgh. She has published in the Historical Journal, the Journal of Global History, and the African Studies Review.

'Analyzing a rich array of Swhaili-language newspapers and other sources, Emma Hunter brings out the multiple meanings that the people of colonial Tanganyika attached to concepts like freedom, progress, citizenship and representation. Examining debates over forms of belonging, claims to material and social resources and efforts to build local as well as national institutions, she shows that it was only in retrospect, and only partially, that Tanzanian elites reduced the demand for liberation to the assertion of national independence. She demonstrates the interplay of political discourse across localities and regional centers, in the colony as a whole, across the British empire and on an international scale.' Frederick Cooper, author of Africa since 1940: The Past of the Present

• Introduction; 1. Concepts of progress in mid-twentieth-century Tanzania; 2. Transnational languages of democracy after 1945; 3. Representation, imperial citizenship and the political subject in late colonial Tanganyika; 4. Patriotic citizenship and the case of the Kilimanjaro Chagga Citizens Union; 5. Freedom in translation; 6. Languages of democracy in Kilimanjaro and the fall of Marealle; 7. One party democracy: citizenship and political society in the post-colonial state; 8. Ujamaa and the Arusha Declaration; Conclusion.

Emma Hunter is a Lecturer in History at the University of Edinburgh. She has published in the Historical Journal, the Journal of Global History, and the African Studies Review.

'Analyzing a rich array of Swhaili-language newspapers and other sources, Emma Hunter brings out the multiple meanings that the people of colonial Tanganyika attached to concepts like freedom, progress, citizenship and representation. Examining debates over forms of belonging, claims to material and social resources and efforts to build local as well as national institutions, she shows that it was only in retrospect, and only partially, that Tanzanian elites reduced the demand for liberation to the assertion of national independence. She demonstrates the interplay of political discourse across localities and regional centers, in the colony as a whole, across the British empire and on an international scale.' Frederick Cooper, author of Africa since 1940: The Past of the Present

• Introduction; 1. Concepts of progress in mid-twentieth-century Tanzania; 2. Transnational languages of democracy after 1945; 3. Representation, imperial citizenship and the political subject in late colonial Tanganyika; 4. Patriotic citizenship and the case of the Kilimanjaro Chagga Citizens Union; 5. Freedom in translation; 6. Languages of democracy in Kilimanjaro and the fall of Marealle; 7. One party democracy: citizenship and political society in the post-colonial state; 8. Ujamaa and the Arusha Declaration; Conclusion.