Eberhard Kienle is Professor of Politics at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sciences Po Paris. His research focuses on the disintegration of states in the Middle East, economic and social policies and the transformation of political regimes. Recent publications include Egypt: A Fragile Power (2022).

• Introduction; 1. The three states; 2. Lebanon; 3. Syria; 4. Iraq; 5. Conclusion.

Eberhard Kienle is Professor of Politics at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sciences Po Paris. His research focuses on the disintegration of states in the Middle East, economic and social policies and the transformation of political regimes. Recent publications include Egypt: A Fragile Power (2022).

• Introduction; 1. The three states; 2. Lebanon; 3. Syria; 4. Iraq; 5. Conclusion.

Eberhard Kienle is Professor of Politics at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sciences Po Paris. His research focuses on the disintegration of states in the Middle East, economic and social policies and the transformation of political regimes. Recent publications include Egypt: A Fragile Power (2022).

• Introduction; 1. The three states; 2. Lebanon; 3. Syria; 4. Iraq; 5. Conclusion.