JOSÉ A. RODRIGUEZ, PHD, is Senior Scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemistry of SUNY Stony Brook. Dr. Rodriguez's research efforts center on the application of new techniques for in-situ characterization to study catalysts used for the production of clean fuels. JONATHAN C. HANSON, PHD, is retired from the Department of Chemistry at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He continues to develop techniques to study catalytic processes under operando conditions at Brookhaven's National Synchrotron Light Source. PETER J. CHUPAS, PHD, is Group Leader of the Structural Science Group in the X-ray Science Division of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Dr. Chupas develops new in-situ techniques and sample environments to characterize catalysts.

• Contributors viiIntroduction: Goals and Challenges for the In-situ Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts 1José A. Rodriguez, Jonathan C. Hanson, and Peter J. Chupas1 QEXAFS in Catalysis Research: Principles, Data Analysis, and Applications 23Anatoly I. Frenkel, Syed Khalid, Jonathan C. Hanson, and Maarten Nachtegaal2 Spatially Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy 49Christian G. Schroer and Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt3 Energy-Dispersive EXAFS: Principles and Application in Heterogeneous Catalysis 75Mark A. Newton and Andrew J. Dent4 In-situ Powder X-ray Diffraction in Heterogeneous Catalysis 121Jonathan Hanson and Poul Norby5 Pair Distribution Function Analysis of High-Energy X-ray Scattering Data 147Karena W. Chapman and Peter J. Chupas6 Neutron Scattering for In-situ Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysis 169Ashfi a Huq and Wei-Ren Chen7 Visualization of Surface Structures of Heterogeneous Catalysts under Reaction Conditions or during Catalysis with High-Pressure Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 191Luan Nguyen, Shiran Zhang, Yingchun Ye, Yuan Zhu, Lei Wang, and Franklin (Feng) Tao8 In-situ Infrared Spectroscopy on Model Catalysts 209Kumudu Mudiyanselage and Darío J. Stacchiola9 Infrared Spectroscopy on Powder Catalysts 241Eli Stavitski10 Structural Characterization of Catalysts by Operando Raman Spectroscopy 267Gerhard Mestl and Miguel A. Bañares11 In-situ Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Powder Catalysts 293Angelika Brückner12 Application of Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for the In-situ Investigation of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions 315David E. Starr, Hendrik Bluhm, Zhi Liu, Axel Knop-Gericke, and Michael Hävecker13 Combined X-ray Diffraction and Absorption Spectroscopy in Catalysis Research: Techniques and Applications 345Anatoly I. Frenkel and Jonathan C. Hanson14 Combining Infrared Spectroscopy with X-ray Techniques for Interrogating Heterogeneous Catalysts 369Mark A. Newton and Marcos Fernández-García15 XRD–Raman and Modulation Excitation Spectroscopy 411Wouter van Beek, Atsushi Urakawa, and Marco Milanesio16 Catalyst Imaging Using Synchrotron-Based Multitechnique Approaches 441Andrew M. Beale, Javier Ruiz-Martinez, and Bert M. WeckhuysenIndex 475

JOSÉ A. RODRIGUEZ, PHD, is Senior Scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemistry of SUNY Stony Brook. Dr. Rodriguez's research efforts center on the application of new techniques for in-situ characterization to study catalysts used for the production of clean fuels. JONATHAN C. HANSON, PHD, is retired from the Department of Chemistry at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He continues to develop techniques to study catalytic processes under operando conditions at Brookhaven's National Synchrotron Light Source. PETER J. CHUPAS, PHD, is Group Leader of the Structural Science Group in the X-ray Science Division of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Dr. Chupas develops new in-situ techniques and sample environments to characterize catalysts.

• Contributors viiIntroduction: Goals and Challenges for the In-situ Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts 1José A. Rodriguez, Jonathan C. Hanson, and Peter J. Chupas1 QEXAFS in Catalysis Research: Principles, Data Analysis, and Applications 23Anatoly I. Frenkel, Syed Khalid, Jonathan C. Hanson, and Maarten Nachtegaal2 Spatially Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy 49Christian G. Schroer and Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt3 Energy-Dispersive EXAFS: Principles and Application in Heterogeneous Catalysis 75Mark A. Newton and Andrew J. Dent4 In-situ Powder X-ray Diffraction in Heterogeneous Catalysis 121Jonathan Hanson and Poul Norby5 Pair Distribution Function Analysis of High-Energy X-ray Scattering Data 147Karena W. Chapman and Peter J. Chupas6 Neutron Scattering for In-situ Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysis 169Ashfi a Huq and Wei-Ren Chen7 Visualization of Surface Structures of Heterogeneous Catalysts under Reaction Conditions or during Catalysis with High-Pressure Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 191Luan Nguyen, Shiran Zhang, Yingchun Ye, Yuan Zhu, Lei Wang, and Franklin (Feng) Tao8 In-situ Infrared Spectroscopy on Model Catalysts 209Kumudu Mudiyanselage and Darío J. Stacchiola9 Infrared Spectroscopy on Powder Catalysts 241Eli Stavitski10 Structural Characterization of Catalysts by Operando Raman Spectroscopy 267Gerhard Mestl and Miguel A. Bañares11 In-situ Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Powder Catalysts 293Angelika Brückner12 Application of Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for the In-situ Investigation of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions 315David E. Starr, Hendrik Bluhm, Zhi Liu, Axel Knop-Gericke, and Michael Hävecker13 Combined X-ray Diffraction and Absorption Spectroscopy in Catalysis Research: Techniques and Applications 345Anatoly I. Frenkel and Jonathan C. Hanson14 Combining Infrared Spectroscopy with X-ray Techniques for Interrogating Heterogeneous Catalysts 369Mark A. Newton and Marcos Fernández-García15 XRD–Raman and Modulation Excitation Spectroscopy 411Wouter van Beek, Atsushi Urakawa, and Marco Milanesio16 Catalyst Imaging Using Synchrotron-Based Multitechnique Approaches 441Andrew M. Beale, Javier Ruiz-Martinez, and Bert M. WeckhuysenIndex 475

JOSÉ A. RODRIGUEZ, PHD, is Senior Scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemistry of SUNY Stony Brook. Dr. Rodriguez's research efforts center on the application of new techniques for in-situ characterization to study catalysts used for the production of clean fuels. JONATHAN C. HANSON, PHD, is retired from the Department of Chemistry at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He continues to develop techniques to study catalytic processes under operando conditions at Brookhaven's National Synchrotron Light Source. PETER J. CHUPAS, PHD, is Group Leader of the Structural Science Group in the X-ray Science Division of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Dr. Chupas develops new in-situ techniques and sample environments to characterize catalysts.

• Contributors viiIntroduction: Goals and Challenges for the In-situ Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts 1José A. Rodriguez, Jonathan C. Hanson, and Peter J. Chupas1 QEXAFS in Catalysis Research: Principles, Data Analysis, and Applications 23Anatoly I. Frenkel, Syed Khalid, Jonathan C. Hanson, and Maarten Nachtegaal2 Spatially Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy 49Christian G. Schroer and Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt3 Energy-Dispersive EXAFS: Principles and Application in Heterogeneous Catalysis 75Mark A. Newton and Andrew J. Dent4 In-situ Powder X-ray Diffraction in Heterogeneous Catalysis 121Jonathan Hanson and Poul Norby5 Pair Distribution Function Analysis of High-Energy X-ray Scattering Data 147Karena W. Chapman and Peter J. Chupas6 Neutron Scattering for In-situ Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysis 169Ashfi a Huq and Wei-Ren Chen7 Visualization of Surface Structures of Heterogeneous Catalysts under Reaction Conditions or during Catalysis with High-Pressure Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 191Luan Nguyen, Shiran Zhang, Yingchun Ye, Yuan Zhu, Lei Wang, and Franklin (Feng) Tao8 In-situ Infrared Spectroscopy on Model Catalysts 209Kumudu Mudiyanselage and Darío J. Stacchiola9 Infrared Spectroscopy on Powder Catalysts 241Eli Stavitski10 Structural Characterization of Catalysts by Operando Raman Spectroscopy 267Gerhard Mestl and Miguel A. Bañares11 In-situ Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Powder Catalysts 293Angelika Brückner12 Application of Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for the In-situ Investigation of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions 315David E. Starr, Hendrik Bluhm, Zhi Liu, Axel Knop-Gericke, and Michael Hävecker13 Combined X-ray Diffraction and Absorption Spectroscopy in Catalysis Research: Techniques and Applications 345Anatoly I. Frenkel and Jonathan C. Hanson14 Combining Infrared Spectroscopy with X-ray Techniques for Interrogating Heterogeneous Catalysts 369Mark A. Newton and Marcos Fernández-García15 XRD–Raman and Modulation Excitation Spectroscopy 411Wouter van Beek, Atsushi Urakawa, and Marco Milanesio16 Catalyst Imaging Using Synchrotron-Based Multitechnique Approaches 441Andrew M. Beale, Javier Ruiz-Martinez, and Bert M. WeckhuysenIndex 475