Plastics Additives and Testing

Muralisrinivasan Subramanian is a plastics technology consultant specializing in materials, additives, and processing equipment, including troubleshooting. He obtained his BSc in chemistry from the Madurai Kamaraj University and his MSc in polymer technology from Bharathiar University. He received his postgraduate diploma in plastics processing technology from CIPET, Chennai. He has also completed his PhD in polymer science from Madurai Kamaraj University. Dr. Subramanian worked in the plastic process industry, mainly in R & D, for thirteen years before turning to consultancy and building up an international client base. He teaches plastics processing seminars as well as being a Board of Studies expert member of colleges in India, advising on curriculum issues with regard to technology subjects.

• Preface xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Summary 4References 42 Thermoplastics and Thermosets 52.1 Benefits/Advantages of Plastics 52.2 Classification 72.3 Thermoplastics 72.4 Thermosets 223 Types of Additives 353.1 Selection of Additives 363.2 Surface Property Modifiers 363.3 Chemical Property Modifiers 403.4 Processing Modifiers 453.5 Mechanical Property Modifiers 533.6 Aesthetic Property Modifiers 593.7 Other Additives 613.8 Additives from Natural Sources 64References 654 Plastics Additive and Chemistry 734.1 Properties of Plastics 744.2 Chemistry of Additives 744.3 Chemical Properties of Additives 75References 945 Organic Additives 1015.1 Antioxidants 1025.2 Antistatic Agents 1025.3 Antifogging Agents 1035.4 Antiblocking Agents 1045.5 Slip Additives 1055.6 UV Stabilizers 1055.7 Nucleating Agents 1075.8 Flame Retardants 1075.9 Lubricants 1105.10 Plasticizers 1125.11 Impact Modifiers 1135.12 Fillers 1135.13 Organic Colorants 1155.14 Foaming Agents 1175.15 Chain Extenders 1185.16 Organic Peroxides 1185.17 Accelerators 1195.18 Activators 119References 1206 Inorganic Additives 1256.1 Heat Stabilizers 1266.2 Flame Retardants 1276.3 Fillers 1286.4 Blowing Agents 1376.5 Inorganic Colorants 1386.6 Antimicrobial Agents 139References 1407 Additives and Processing 1457.1 Plastics Processing 1457.2 Nature of Plastics 1467.3 Nature of Additives 1487.4 Plastics Processing Technology 1497.5 Injection Molding 1507.6 Extrusion 1537.7 Blow Molding 1577.8 Thermoforming 1577.9 Role of Additive 1587.10 Rotational Molding 1597.11 Calendering 1607.12 Thermosets and Processing 161References 1638 Identification of Additives 1678.1 Melting and Boiling Point 1688.2 Organic Additives 1688.3 Inorganic Additives 1718.4 Morphology 1738.5 Mass Spectrometry 1738.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 1738.7 Benefits 174References 1749 Testing of Additives 1779.1 Plastics and Additives in Analysis 1789.2 Properties of Additives 1789.3 Testing of Additives 1799.4 Brabender Plastographs 1799.5 Extraction of Polymer Additives Systems 1819.6 Liquid Chromatography 1849.7 Gas Chromatography 1869.8 Thermal Analysis 1899.9 Thermogravimetric-Mass Spectrometry 1929.10 FTIR Spectroscopy 1949.11 Quantitative Analysis of Additives 1969.12 Quality Control 198References 19910 Future Trends 20310.1 In Plastics Packaging 20410.2 In Medicine 20410.3 In Electrical and Electronics Industries 20510.4 In Building 20510.5 In Engineering 20510.6 Present Trends 20610.7 Future Requirements 208References 209Index 000