Cerebellum

AUTHOR Dianne M. Broussard is an Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology and a member of the Collaborative Program in Neuroscience at the University of Toronto.

• Acknowledgments ixIntroduction xiSection I: The Neuronal Machine 11 Structure and Physiology 3Anatomy of the Cerebellar Cortex 3Physiology of the Cerebellar Cortex 6Subdivisions of the Cerebellum 10The Gatekeepers: Vestibular and Deep Cerebellar Nuclei 13Afferent Connections of the Cerebellum 15Efferent Connections of the Cerebellum 19References 21Further Reading 252 Operating the Machine 27Learning in the Cerebellar Cortex 28Pattern Recognition by the Cerebellum 30Neural Networks 32The Cerebellum as Part of a “Control System” 32Multiple Sites for Cerebellar Learning? 34The Cerebellar Clock 36Conclusions 38References 38Further Reading 403 Plasticity in the Cerebellar Cortex 41Cerebellar Long-Term Depression 41The Calcium Trigger 42The Synaptic Conversation 44The Memory Trace 46What About Potentiation? 48Other Sites of Plasticity 51Interneurons 52Conclusions 55References 55Further Reading 594 Adjusting the Memory Trace 61Consolidation Mechanisms 61Memory Transfer and Synaptic Plasticity 63Mossy-Fiber Collaterals in the DCN 64Intrinsic Plasticity in the DCN 66Other Changes to the Memory Trace 67References 68Section II: Motor Learning 715 Learning a New Motor Response 73Learning in the Cerebellar Cortex 75Cerebellar LTD and Learning 76The Engram for the NMR 79Conclusions 82References 82Further Reading 856 Recalibration for Fine Motor Control 87A Stable Platform for Vision 87Adjusting an Orienting Movement 95Adjusting a Tracking Movement 97Conclusions 99References 99Further Reading 1027 Perfecting Limb Movements by Motor Learning 103Updating Dynamic Models 104Throwing and Pointing 107Sequence Learning 109Stepping and Changes to gait 111The Agile Mouse 113Conclusions 114References 114Further Reading 117Section III: Precision Control 1198 Coordination 121Precise Ocular Coordination 122Coordinating the Eyes and the Head 126Error Correction for Limb Movements 127Planning for Multiple Joints 129Internal Models Revisited 132Conclusions 134References 134Further Reading 1379 Balance and Locomotion 139Cerebellar Ataxia 140Signals from the Inner Ear 142Coordinating Locomotion 146Navigation 148Conclusions 150References 150Further Reading 15210 Timing 153Timing Using Discharge Rates 154Timing Using Synchronous Firing 161Conclusions 165References 166Further Reading 168Section IV: Interpreting the World 16911 Intelligence and Language 173General Intelligence 175Executive Function 177Problem-solving 181Speech and Language 183Possible Mechanisms 187Conclusions 188References 188Further Reading 19112 Sensing, Feeling, and Interacting 193Sensory Perception 194Attending to the World 198Prediction 200Mental Imagery 202Social Skills 204Conclusions 208References 208Further Reading 211Summary: What does the cerebellum do? 213Index 215