Antioxidant Polymers

Giuseppe Cirillo obtained his PhD on "Methodologies for the Development of Molecules of Pharmaceutical Interest" in 2008 from University of Calabria, Italy. He is currently in a postdoctoral position at the same university and is CEO of Macrofarm, a University of Calabria spin-off company. He is also a visiting researcher at the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Germany. He is the author or coauthor of more than 50 publications, including research and review articles as well as invited book chapters.Francesca Iemma obtained her PhD in chemical sciences in 1997 from the University of Calabria. She is currently an associate professor in pharmaceutical technology in the faculty of Pharmacy, Nutrition and Health Sciences of the University of Calabria. She is a founding member of Macrofarm, a University of Calabria spin-off company. She has extensive teaching experience in the field of organic chemistry and pharmaceutical technology, and is author or coauthor of more than 80 publications, including research and review articles as well as invited book chapters.

• PrefaceList of contributors1. Antioxidants: Introduction 1Chunhuan He, Yingming Pan, Xiaowen Ji and Hengshan Wang1.1 The Meaning of Antioxidant 11.2 The Category of Antioxidants and Introduction of often Used Antioxidants 21.3 Antioxidant Evaluation Methods 81.4 Antioxidant and its Mechanisms 131.5 Adverse Effects of Antioxidants 15References 162. Natural Polyphenol and Flavonoid Polymers 23Kelly C. Heim2.1 Introduction 232.2 Structural Classification of Polyphenols 242.3 Polyphenol Biosynthesis and Function in Plants 342.4 Tannins in Human Nutrition 362.5 Antioxidant Activity of Tannins 412.6 Protective Effects of Proanthocyanidins in Human Health 452.7 Conclusion 46Acknowledgements 46References 473. Synthesis and Applications of Polymeric Flavonoids 55Hiroshi Uyama and Young-Jin Kim3.1 Introduction 553.2 Polycondensates of Catechin with Aldehydes 573.3 Enzymatically Polymerized Flavonoids 693.4 Biopolymer-. avonoid Conjugates 763.5 Conclusion 84References 844. Antioxidant Polymers: Metal Chelating Agents 87Hiba M. Zalloum and Mohammad S. Mubarak4.1 Introduction 874.2 Chitin and Chitosan 914.3 Alginates 964.4 Chelation Studies 974.4.1 Chitosan Derivatives as Chelating Agents 1014.5 Conclusions 106References 1075. Antioxidant Polymers by Chitosan Modi. cation 115Jarmila Vinšová and Eva Vavr.íková5.1 Introduction 1155.2 Chitosan Characteristics 1175.3 Reactive Oxygen Species and Chitosan as Antioxidant 1175.4 Structure Modi. cations 1205.5 Conclusion 129References 1296. Cellulose and Dextran Antioxidant Polymers for Biomedical Applications 133Sonia Trombino, Roberta Cassano and Teresa Ferrarelli6.1 Introduction 1336.2 Antioxidant Polymers Cellulose-based 1346.3 Antioxidant Polymers Dextran-based 142References 1497. Antioxidant Polymers by Free Radical Grafting on Natural Polymers 153Manuela Curcio, Ortensia Ilaria Parisi, Francesco Puoci, Ilaria Altimari, Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri and Nevio Picci7.1 Introduction 1537.2 Grafting of Antioxidant Molecules on Natural Polymers 1567.3 Proteins-based Antioxidant Polymers 1577.4 Polysaccharides-based Antioxidant Polymers 1647.5 Conclusions 175Acknowledgements 176References 1768. Natural Polymers with Antioxidant Properties: Poly-/oligosaccharides of Marine Origin 179Guangling Jiao, Guangli Yu, Xiaoliang Zhao, Junzeng Zhang and H. Stephen Ewart8.1 Introduction to Polysaccharides from Marine Sources8.2 Antioxidant Activities of Marine Polysaccharides and their Derivatives 1838.3 Applications of Marine Antioxidant Polysaccharides and their Derivatives 1918.4 Structure-antioxidant Relationships of Marine Poly-/oligosaccharides 1938.5 Conclusions 195Acknowledgements 195References 1959. Antioxidant Peptides from Marine Origin: Sources, Properties and Potential Applications 203Begoña Giménez, M. Elvira López-Caballero, M. Pilar Montero and M. Carmen Gómez-Guillén9.1 Introduction 2049.2 Whole Fish Hydrolysates 2079.3 Marine Invertebrate Hydrolysates 2239.4 Fish Frames Hydrolysates 2279.5 Viscera Hydrolysates 2289.6 Muscle Hydrolysates 2329.7 Collagen and Gelatin Hydrolysates 2409.8 Seaweeds Hydrolysates 2439.9 Potential Applications 2459.10 Conclusions 249Acknowledgements 250References 25010. Synthetic Antioxidant Polymers: Enzyme Mimics 259Cheng Wang, Gang-lin Yan and Gui-min Luo10.1 Introduction 26010.2 Organo-selenium/tellurium Compound Mimics 26110.3 Metal Complex Mimics 28110.4 Selenoprotein Mimics 29510.5 Supramolecular Nanoenzyme Mimics 31210.6 Conclusion 325References 32511. Synthetic Polymers with Antioxidant Properties 333Ashveen V. Nand and Paul A. Kilmartin11.1 Introduction 33411.2 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 33511.3 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers with Antioxidant Properties 33611.4 Synthesis of Antioxidant Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 33711.5 Polymer Morphologies 34011.6 Mechanism of Radical Scavenging 34411.7 Assessment of Free Radical Scavenging Capacity 34611.8 Factors Affecting the Radical Scavenging Activity 34811.9 Polymer Blends and Practical Applications 350References 35112. Synthesis of Antioxidant Monomers Based on Sterically Hindered Phenols, a-Tocopherols, Phosphites and Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS) and their Copolymerization with Ethylene, Propylene or Styrene 355Carl-Eric Wilén12.1 Introduction 35612.2 Synthesis of Antioxidant Monomers to Enhance Physical Persistence and Performance of Stabilizers 36112.3 Phenolic Antioxidant Monomers and their Copolymerization with Coordination Catalysts 36912.4 Copolymerization of Antioxidant Monomers with Ethylene, Propylene, Styrene and Carbon Monoxide Using Single Site Catalysts 37212.5 Conclusions 379Acknowledgements 380References 38013. Novel Polymeric Antioxidants for Materials 385Ashish Dhawan, Vijayendra Kumar, Virinder S. Parmarand Ashok L. Cholli13.1 Industrial Antioxidants 38613.2 Antioxidants Used in Plastics (Polymer) Industry 38613.3 Antioxidants Used in Lubricant Industry 38913.4 Antioxidants Used in Elastomer (Rubber) Industry 39013.5 Antioxidants Used in Fuel Industry 39213.6 Antioxidants Used in Food Industry 39313.7 Limitations of Conventional Antioxidants 39513.8 Trends towards High Molecular Weight Antioxidants 39613.9 Motivation, Design and Methodology for Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Antioxidant Motivation 40713.10 Biocatalytic Synthesis of Polymeric Antioxidants 40913.11 General Procedure for Enzymatic Polymerization 41013.12 Conclusions 421Acknowledgement 422References42214. Biopolymeric Colloidal Particles Loaded with Polyphenolic Antioxidants 427A.R. Patel and K.P. Velikov14.1 Introduction 42714.2 Polyphenols: Antioxidant Properties and Health Benefits 42814.3 Polyphenols: Formulation and Delivery Challenges 42914.4 Polyphenols Loaded Biopolymeric Colloidal Particles 43114.5 Conclusion 454References 45515. Antioxidant Polymers for Tuning Biomaterial Biocompatibility: From Drug Delivery to Tissue Engineering 459David Cochran and Thomas D. Dziubla15.1 Introduction 45915.2 Oxidative Stress in Relation to Biocompatibility 46015.3 Antioxidant Polymers in Drug Delivery 46715.4 Antioxidant Polymers in Anti-cancer Therapies 47015.5 Antioxidant Polymers in Wound Healing and Tissue Engineering 47215.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 476References 479Index 485