Pradipta Panigrahi is a professor and head of the Centre for Laser Technology, IIT Kanpur. He obtained his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Louisiana State University, USA, in 1997. He was awarded a master degree at Louisiana State University in mechanical engineering in 1993 and another master in system science in the same institution in 1997. He obtained his B.Sc degree in echanical engineering at UCE Burla, Sambalpur University, India.  His areas of interest include optical techniques, turbulence, hot wire anemometry, Color Schlieren and design of thermal systems. He has published over 100 international journals, books and conference proceedings on a range of subjects including digital holography, particle image velocimetry, laser interferometry, liquid crystal thermography and soft computing based flow control. He was awarded the Swarnajayanti Fellowship by the Department of Science and Technology (India) in 2006. In 1981, Dr. Panigrahi was awarded the National Scholarship.

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• About the Author xvPreface xviiAcknowledgement xixList of Figures xxiList of Tables xxxvii1 Introduction 11.1 History 11.2 Definition 21.3 Analogy of Microfluidics with Computing Technology 21.4 Interdisciplinary Aspects of Microfluidics 31.5 Overall Benefits of Microdevices 61.6 Microscopic Scales for Liquids and Gases 101.7 Physics at Micrometric Scale 111.8 Scaling Laws 131.9 Shrinking of Human Beings 192 Channel Flow 232.1 Introduction 232.2 Hydraulic Resistance 232.3 Two Connected Straight Channels 242.4 Equivalent Circuit Theory 262.5 Reynolds Number 272.6 Governing Equation for Arbitrary-Shaped Channel 302.7 Summary of Hydraulic Resistance in Straight Channels 402.8 Viscous Dissipation of Energy 412.9 Compliance 453 Transport Laws 513.1 Introduction 513.2 Boundary Slip 513.3 Slip Flow Boundary Condition in Gases 523.4 Slip Flow Boundary Condition in Liquids 573.5 Physical Parameters Affecting Slip 663.6 Possible Liquid Slip Mechanism 673.7 Thermal Creep Phenomena 683.8 Couette Flow with Slip Flow Boundary Condition 703.9 Compressibility Effect in Microscale Flows 743.10 Slip Flow between Two Parallel Plates 783.11 Fluid Flow Modeling 814 Diffusion, Dispersion, and Mixing 1014.1 Introduction 1014.2 RandomWalk Model of Diffusion 1014.3 Stokes–Einstein Law 1034.4 Fick's Law of Diffusion 1034.5 Diffusivity and Mass Transport Nomenclature 1044.6 Governing Equation for Multicomponent System 1054.7 Characteristic Parameters 1074.8 Diffusion Equation 1094.9 Taylor Dispersion 1134.10 Micromixer 1174.11 Convective Diffusion 1234.12 Detailed Analysis 1274.13 Reverse Osmosis 1355 Surface Tension-Dominated Flows 1495.1 Surface Tension 1495.2 Gibbs Free Energy and Surface Tension 1515.3 Microscopic Model of Surface Tension 1515.4 Young–Laplace Equation 1525.5 Contact Angle 1545.6 Dynamic Contact Angle 1565.7 Superhydrophobicity and Superhydrophilicity 1585.8 Microdrops 1635.9 Capillary Rise and Dimensionless Numbers 1665.10 Coating Flows 1695.11 Enhanced Oil Recovery 1715.12 Classification of Surface Tension Gradient-Driven Flow 1725.13 Boundary Conditions 1735.14 Thermocapillary Motion 1745.15 Diffusocapillary Flow 1775.16 Electrowetting 1785.17 Marangoni Convection in Drops 1815.18 Marangoni Instability 1825.19 Micropropulsion System 1845.20 Capillary Pump 1865.21 Thermocapillary Motion of Droplets 1885.22 Thermocapillary Pump 1895.23 Taylor Flows 1925.24 Two-Phase Liquid–Liquid Poiseuille Flow 1975.25 Hydrodynamics of Taylor Flow 1995.26 Plug Motion in Capillary 2015.27 Clogging Pressure 2035.28 Digital Microfluidics 2066 Charged Species Flow 2136.1 Introduction 2136.2 Electrical Conductivity and Charge Transport 2146.3 Electrohydrodynamic Transport Theory 2176.4 Electrolytic Cell Example 2206.5 The Electric Double Layer and Electrokinetic Phenomena 2266.6 Debye Layer Potential Distribution 2286.7 Electrokinetic Phenomena Classification 2326.8 Electroosmosis 2336.9 Exact Expression for Cylindrical Channel EO Flow 2376.10 EO Pump 2426.11 EO Flow in Parallel Plate Channel 2496.12 Electroosmosis and Forced Convection 2526.13 Electrophoresis 2556.14 Dielectrophoresis 2596.15 Polarization and Dipole Moments 2606.16 Point Dipole in a Dielectric Fluid 2626.17 Dielectric Sphere in a Dielectric Fluid: Induced Dipole 2646.18 Dielectrophoretic Force on a Dielectric Sphere 2656.19 Dielectrophoretic Trapping of Particles 2666.20 AC Dielectrophoretic Force on a Dielectric Sphere 2687 Magnetism and Microfluidics 2777.1 Introduction 2777.2 Magnetism Nomenclature 2777.3 Magnetic Beads 2807.4 Magnetic Bead Characterization 2807.5 Magnetostatics 2827.6 Magnetophoresis 2837.7 Magnetic Force on Particles 2867.8 Magnetic Particle Motion 2877.9 Magnetic Field Flow Fractionation 2907.10 Ferrofluidic Pumps 2937.11 Magnetic Sorting and Separation 2947.12 Magneto-Hydrodynamics 2957.13 Governing Equations for MHD 2968 Microscale Conduction 3038.1 Introduction 3038.2 Energy Carriers 3048.3 Scattering Mechanism 3058.4 Nonequilibrium Conditions 3068.5 Time and Length Scales 3068.6 Scale Effects 3078.7 Fourier’s Law 3098.8 Hyperbolic Heat Conduction Equation 3108.9 Kinetic Theory 3148.10 Heat Capacity 3168.11 Boltzmann Transport Theory 3228.12 Microscale Two-Step Models 3268.13 Thin Film Conduction 3279 Microscale Convection 3319.1 Introduction 3319.2 Scaling Analysis 3319.3 Laminar Fully Developed Nusselt Number 3349.4 Why Microchannel Heat Transfer 3349.5 Gases versus Liquid Flow in Microchannels 3359.6 Temperature Jump 3369.7 Couette Flow with Viscous Dissipation 3409.8 Isothermal Parallel Plate Channel Flow without Viscous Heating 3439.9 Large Parallel Plate Flow without Viscous Heating: Uniform Surface Flux 3469.10 Fully Developed Flow in Microtubes: Uniform Surface Flux 3529.11 Convection in Isothermal Circular Tube with Viscous Heating 3589.12 Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Mini-/Microchannels 3619.13 Condensation Heat Transfer in Mini-/Microchannel 36810 Microfabrication 37510.1 Introduction 37510.2 Microfabrication Environment 37610.3 Functional Materials 37710.4 Surface Preparation 38310.5 General Micromachining Procedure 38410.6 Photolithography 38610.7 Subtractive Techniques 39110.8 Additive Techniques 39910.9 Example of a Silicon Membrane Fabrication 40310.10 PDMS-Based Molding 40410.11 Sealing 40710.12 Laser Microfabrication Techniques 40911 Microscale Measurements 41711.1 Introduction 41711.2 Microscale Velocity Measurement 41711.3 PIV Fundamentals 41811.4 Micro-PIV System 42711.5 Temperature Measurement 43712 Microscale Sensors and Actuators 45512.1 Introduction 45512.2 Flow Control 45512.3 Actuator Classification 45812.4 Shear Stress Sensors 46812.5 Classification of Shear Stress Sensors 47012.6 Calibration of Shear Stress Sensors 48012.7 Uncertainty and Noise 48513 Heat Pipe 48713.1 Introduction 48713.2 Applications of Heat Pipe 48713.3 Advantages of Heat Pipe 48813.4 Heat Pipe Operation 48813.5 Wick Structure 48913.6 Working Fluids and Structural Material of Heat Pipe 49113.7 Operating Temperature of Heat Pipe 49213.8 Ideal Thermodynamic Cycle of Heat Pipe 49313.9 Microheat Pipe 49313.10 Effective Thermal Conductivity 49513.11 Operating Limits 49513.12 Cleaning and Charging 506Reference 506Supplemental Reading 506Index 507