Hongting Pu is a Professor and Director of the Institute of Functional Polymers at the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Tongji University, Shanghai, China. Previously, he was visiting professor at the University of California, Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, and University of Southern Mississippi. Dr. Pu has published 210 journal papers and 2 books, and is co-inventor of 59 Chinese patents. He is also an editorial board member and referee for a number of prestigious journals.

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xi1 Introduction 11.1 Principles of Fuel Cells 11.2 Types of Fuel Cells 31.2.1 AFC 31.2.2 PAFC 61.2.3 MCFC 71.2.4 SOFC 81.2.5 PEMFC 111.2.6 DMFC 121.3 Applications 141.3.1 Stationary Power 151.3.2 Propulsion of Vehicles 151.3.3 Portable Applications 171.4 Needs of Fundamental Materials for PEM Fuel Cells 171.4.1 Membranes 171.4.2 Electrodes 181.4.3 Polymeric Materials as Components of Fuel Cell Catalytic System 201.4.4 Bipolar Plates 211.5 Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells 221.5.1 Proton Exchange Membranes 221.5.2 PEMs for DMFCs 291.5.3 Anion Exchange Membranes (AEMs) 341.5.4 Organic–Inorganic Composites 351.6 Testing of PEMs 36References 362 Fluoropolymers for Proton Exchange Membranes 502.1 Introduction 502.2 Perfluorosulfonic Acid Resins 512.2.1 PFSA Polymers with Long Side Chains 532.2.2 PFSA Polymers with Short Side Chains 552.2.3 Sulfonimide Membranes 582.3 Partially Fluorinated Polymers 592.3.1 Partially Fluorinated Aromatic Polymers 592.3.2 Partially Fluorinated Graft Copolymers 672.4 Durability of Fluoropolymers for Proton Exchange Membranes 752.5 Composite Membranes Based on Fluoropolymers 822.5.1 Reinforcement by a Polymer 832.5.2 Organic–Inorganic Composite Membranes 832.5.3 Nafion®/Sulfonated Polymers 852.5.4 Multilayer Membranes 852.5.5 Semi-IPN Membranes 86References 873 Nonfluorinated Polymers for Proton Exchange Membranes 1023.1 Introduction 1023.2 Sulfonated Polyimides 1033.2.1 Synthesis of Sulfonated Polyimides 1043.2.2 Structure and Properties of Sulfonated Polyimide 1163.2.3 Modification of Sulfonated Polyimides 1273.2.4 Fuel Cell Performance and Stability of sPI Membranes 1363.3 Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) 1413.3.1 Synthesis of sPEEK 1423.3.2 Structure and Properties 1463.3.3 Modification of sPEEK Membranes 1533.4 Sulfonated Polysulfone and Poly(ether sulfone) 1603.4.1 Polysulfones and Poly(ether sulfone) 1603.4.2 Sulfonation and Phosphonation of Polysulfones and Poly(ether sulfone)s 1623.4.3 Poly(arylene thioether sulfone)s 1803.5 Sulfonated Polyphosphazenes 1813.5.1 Synthesis of Sulfonated Polyphosphazenes 1843.5.2 Phenylphosphonic Acid-Functionalized Polyphosphazenes 1873.5.3 Polyphosphazenes with Sulfonimide Side Groups 1883.5.4 Modification of Sulfonated Polyphosphazenes 1903.5.5 Polyphosphazene Membranes for PEMFCs 1923.5.6 Polyphosphazene Membranes for DMFCs 1933.6 Sulfonated Polybenzimidazole 1943.7 Sulfonated Poly(phenylene oxide) 1983.7.1 Sulfonated PPO for PEMs 1983.7.2 Modification of sPPO 2023.7.3 Fuel Cell Performances of sPPO Membranes 210References 2124 Anhydrous Proton-Conducting Polymers for High-Temperature PEMFCs 2414.1 Introduction 2414.2 Phosphoric Acid-Impregnated Polybenzimidazole Membranes 2424.2.1 Synthesis of PBIs 2434.2.2 Membrane Fabrication of PBIs 2564.2.3 Structure and Properties of PBIs 2594.2.4 Modification of PBIs 2684.2.5 Composite Membranes of PBIs 2714.2.6 Fuel Cell Technologies 272References 2765 Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells 2935.1 Introduction 2935.2 Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells 2965.2.1 Heterogeneous Membranes 2965.2.2 Interpenetrating Polymer Network 3035.2.3 Homogeneous Membranes 3045.3 Structure and Properties of AEMs 3295.3.1 General Properties of AEMs 3295.3.2 Properties of the Ionic Groups 3315.3.3 Transport Mechanisms in AEMs 3325.3.4 Stability of Alkaline AEMs 3355.3.5 Examples of Chemical Stability of Ammonium Groups Toward OH- Attack 3385.4 Application of AEMs 340References 3456 Polymers for New Types of Fuel Cells 3606.1 Direct Liquid-Feed Fuel Cells 3606.1.1 Introduction 3606.1.2 Direct Liquid-Feed Fuels 3616.1.3 Carbon-Free Fuels 3696.2 Microbial Fuel Cells 3736.2.1 Introduction 3736.2.2 Materials of Construction 3776.2.3 Outlook and Application of MFCs 3796.3 Microfuel Cells 3806.3.1 Introduction 3806.3.2 Different Types of Microfuel Cells 3826.3.3 Commercial Developments of Microfuel Cells 392References 395Index 407