Lucas N. Joppa, Computational Ecology and Environmental Sciences Unit, Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK.Jonathan M. Baillie, Institute of Zoology, London, UK.John Robinson, CEO Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo, New York, USA.

• Contributors ixIntroduction: Do Protected Areas Safeguard Biodiversity? 1J. E. M. Baillie, L. Joppa and J. G. RobinsonPart I The Global Protected Area Portfolio 111. Government Commitments for Protected Areas: Status of Implementation and Sources of Leverage to Enhance Ambition 13L. Krueger2. Protected Area Diversity and Potential for Improvement 34N. Dudley and S. Stolton3. Sound Investments: Protected Areas as Natural Solutions to Climate Change and Biodiversity Conservation 49K. MacKinnon4. Optimal Protection of the World’s Threatened Birds, Mammals, and Amphibians 66J. E. M. Watson, D. B. Segan and R. A. Fuller5. Maintaining a Global Data Set on Protected Areas 81A. Milam, S. Kenney, D. Juffe‐Bignoli, B. Bertzky, C. Corrigan, B. MacSharry, N. D. Burgess and N. KingstonPart II The Fate of Species in Protected Areas 1036. Species Population Trends in Protected Areas 105B. Collen, L. McRae, E. Nicholson, I. D. Craigie, E. J. Milner‐Gulland, J. Loh and S. Whitmee7. Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Conserving Large Carnivores in Europe 122L. Santini, L. Boitani, L. Maiorano and C. Rondinini8. Towards Understanding Drivers of Wildlife Population Trends in Terrestrial Protected Areas 134M. Barnes, I. D. Craigie and M. HockingsPart III Managing Protected Areas at System Scales 1519. Toward Assessing the Vulnerability of US National Parks to Land Use and Climate Change 153A. Hansen, C. Davis, J. Haas and N. Piekielek10. Integrating Community‐Managed Areas into Protected Area Systems: The Promise of Synergies and the Reality of Trade‐Offs 169M. Rao, H. Nagendra, G. Shahabuddin and L. R. Carrasco11. The Importance of Asia’s Protected Areas for Safeguarding Commercially High Value Species 190J. Walston, E. J. Stokes and S. HedgesPart IV Monitoring Protected Areas at System Scales 20912. Monitoring Protected Area Coverage and Impact on Key Biodiversity Areas, Important Bird Areas and Alliance for Zero Extinction Sites 211S. H. M. Butchart, T. M. Brooks, J. P. W. Scharlemann and M. A. K. Mwangi13. Camera Traps for Conservation: Monitoring Protected Area Investments 228T. G. O’Brien14. Monitoring Protected Areas from Space 242N. Pettorelli, M. Wegmann, L. Gurney and G. DuboisIndex 260