Reconnecting the City

Francesco Bandarin was UNESCO’s Assistant Director-General for Culture from 2010 to 2014 and is now Professor of Urban Planning at the University Institute of Architecture of Venice. He was formerly Director of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre and the Secretary of the World Heritage Committee. He is trained as an Architect (Venice 1975) and Urban Planner (UC Berkeley 1977) and has pursued an academic career as Professor of Urban Planning at the University of Venice (IUAV) and a professional career as consultant for international organizations in the field of urban conservation and development. He has been actively involved in the Venice Safeguarding Project and in the preparation of Rome for the year 2000 Jubilee. As Director of the World Heritage Centre he has promoted the revision of the UNESCO recommendations on historic cities and has contributed to development of the debate on the role of contemporary architecture in historic cities, on the management of their social and physical changes and on the role of communities in the conservation of historic values.Ron van Oers is Vice Director, World Heritage Institute of Training and Research for Asia and the Pacific (WHITRAP). He was formerly Programme Specialist for Culture at the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, coordinating the World Heritage Cities Programme and the international effort to develop new guidelines for urban conservation, which were adopted as the 2011 Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape. He is trained as an Urban Planner (Delft 1993) and received his doctorate (PhD, Delft 2000) on a research into the principles of Dutch colonial town planning (published as book). He is the Founding Editor (together with Dr. Ana Pereira-Roders) of the Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development (JCHMSD), published by Emerald Group Publishing (UK) and a Member of the Editorial Advisory Board of Change Over Time: International Journal of Conservation and the Built Environment, published by Penn Press, University of Pennsylvania’s School of Design (USA).

“I highly recommend the comprehensive and landmark book http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470655747.html"The Historic Urban Landscape: Managing Heritage in an Urban Centuryby Francesco Bandarin and Ron Van Oers, to any architects, urban planners, surveyors, engineers, policy makers, business leaders, and urban conservation societies who are seeking a complete overview of the intellectual developments in urban conservation. This book provides a thoughtful and practical approach that will benefit the urban conservation efforts around the world in the twenty-first century.”  (Blog Business World, 29 May 2012)

• Acknowledgements xiPreface xiiiContributors xixAbout the Companion Website xxixIntroduction: Urban Conservation and the End of Planning 1Francesco BandarinPost-War Attempts to Reconnect the City 3Contemporary Views on Urbanism and Landscape 7Repositioning Urban Conservation, Reconnecting the City 11SECTION 1 The Layered Dimension of Urban Conservation 171. Archaeology: Reading the City through Time 19Tim WilliamsIntroduction 19Problems and Issues 21Challenges to Presenting Archaeological Sites in Modern Urban Landscapes 25Preservation in situ and Mitigation Strategies 30Approaches and Potential 35Archaeological Knowledge and Its Potential Impact on Urban Communities 37Conclusion 442. How Geology Shapes Human Settlements 47Claudio Margottini and Daniele SpizzichinoIntroduction 47Clay-Based Human Settlements 49Soft Rock-Based Human Settlements 59Hard Rock-Based Human Settlements 67Time Variability and Complex Urban Environments 79Conclusions 843. Morphology as the Study of City Form and Layering 85Stefano BiancaIntroduction 85Origins and Implications of the Term Morphology 86The Scope of Urban Morphology 87Methodology and Procedures 88Advantages and Problems of the Urban Morphology Approach 94Relevance within the Historic Urban Landscape Concept 98Interview – Searching for a Chinese Approach to Urban Conservation 103Wang ShuCase Study – Bologna: From Urban Restoration to Urban Rehabilitation 107Patrizia Gabellini4. Historic Cities and Climate Change 113Anthony Gad BigioThe Emerging Challenges 113Exposure of World Heritage Cities to Multiple Hazards 115Historic Cities and Urban Resilience 119Historic Cities and Climate Change Mitigation 121Historic Cities and Climate Action Plans: The Case of Edinburgh, Scotland 122Risks 123Actions 123Interview – Looking at the Challenges of the Urban Century 126Filipe Duarte Santos5. The Intangible Dimension of Urban Heritage 129Rohit JigyasuIntroduction 129Defining Intangible Values in Historic Urban Landscapes 130Urbanisation Processes and Impacts on Intangible Values 135Recognition of Intangible Values in Existing Urban Management Systems 136Documentation and Impact Assessment of Intangible Heritage Values 138‘Heritage’ – Elitist or Inclusive? 139Role of Intangible Heritage in Building Disaster Resilience of Cities 142Integrating Intangible Heritage Values in Urban Planning and Management 142Mainstreaming Intangible Heritage Through Sustainable Livelihoods and Cultural Tourism 143Redefining the Role of Professionals 144Interview – Interpreting Cultural Landscapes as Expressions of Local Identity 145Lisa ProsperCase Study – The Traditional Chinese View of Nature and Challenges of Urban Development 148Feng Han6. Planning and Managing Historic Urban Landscapes 161Francesco SiravoIntegrated Planning 161Key Aspects of Analysing and Planning Historic Urban Landscapes 163Governance: The Case for Public Management in Historic Urban Areas 168What Kind of Public Institution? 169Organisational Framework of the Conservation Agency 170Participatory Planning and Implementation Strategies 171Conclusion 172Interview – The Challenge of Urban Transformation 176Mohsen Mostafavi7. Cities as Cultural Landscapes 179Ken TaylorReflections 179A Paradigm Shift 180The Cultural Landscape Model: Landscape as History and Expression ofHuman Values and Identity 183Bangkok and the Chao Phraya River 186Canberra 187Cultural Landscape Characteristics 187Urban Identity, Plurality, Sustainable Development Tools for Urban Landscape Planning and Conservation Practice 190Tools 192Conclusion 202SECTION 2 Building the Toolkit 2038. Evolution of the Normative Framework 205Jukka JokilehtoIntroduction 205Early Appreciation of Historic Townscape 205The Development and Impact of Modern City Planning 206Development of Instruments for Urban Conservation 209International Recognition of Historic Urban Areas 211How Normative Frameworks Respond to the Challenges of ChangeCaused by Urban Development 213New Tools for the Management of the Historic Urban Landscape 2169. Civic Engagement Tools for Urban Conservation 221Julian SmithIntroduction 221Ways of Seeing 222Cultural Mapping 224The Concepts of Equilibrium and Resilience 226Sustainable Diversity 229Influences of Civic Engagement: Towards Community-Based Design and Development 231Conclusion 235Interview – Listening to the People, Promoting Quality of Life 240His Highness the Aga KhanCase Study – Valuing Cultural Diversity 245Richard A. Engelhardt10. Knowledge and Planning Tools 249Jyoti HosagraharIntroduction 249Mapping, Measuring, and Visualising the Urban Landscape 250Reading and Interpreting the Urban Landscape 251Protecting, Enhancing, and Improving the Urban Landscape 257Traditional and Customary Systems of Management 260Contextualising the Historic Urban Landscape Approach 260Case Study – Reading the City of Tokyo 261Hidenobu Jinnai11. The Role of Regulatory Systems 269Patricia O’DonnellDefining Regulatory Systems 269Legal Regulations Directly Addressing Public and Private Lands 270Legal Regulations with Indirect Infl uence on Urban Heritage 275Conclusion 278Interview – Constructing Cultural Significance 279Rahul Mehrotra12. Devising Financial Tools for Urban Conservation 283Donovan RypkemaIntroduction 283Why are Financial Tools Required? 284What Do Financial Tools Do? 286What are the Characteristics of the Most Effective Financial Tools? 287What are Some Examples of Financial Tools and How Do They Work? 288Conclusion 290Case Study – A User’s Guide for Heritage Economics 291Christian OstCase study – The World Bank’s Tools for Urban Conservation 297MV Serra13. Researching and Mapping the Historic Urban Landscape 301Michael Turner and Rachel SingerIntroduction 301The Diverse City 303Methodologies and Tools 305The Role of University Research 309The Role of UNESCO Chairs 310The Role of Category 2 Centres (C2C) 310Conclusion 311Interview – Heritage and the Metropolis 313Rem KoolhaasConclusion: The Way Forward: An Agenda for Reconnecting the City 317Ron van OersManaging the City as a Living Heritage 317Identity and Sense of Place 318Local Heritage and Corporate Image 319The City as Repository of Urban Experiences 321Integrating Disciplines and Professional Practices 322Future Challenges of Urban Conservation 324The Critical Path: Historic Urban Landscape Action Plan 326Historic Urban Landscape: A Stepped Approach 326Interdisciplinary Context and Operational Coordination 328A 20-Point Research Agenda for Planners and Designers 329Index 333