Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, 2 Volume Set

Myer Kutz holds engineering degrees from RPI and MIT. He was Vice President and General Manager of Wiley's STM division and has consulted and authored for most of the major professional and technical publishing houses. He is the author of 7 books and the editor of more than 7 handbooks.

• VOLUME 1 PREFACE xxiiiCONTRIBUTORS xxviiPART I CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 11 New and Emerging Technologies in Structural Health Monitoring 3Merit Enckell, Jacob Egede Andersen, Branko Glisic, and Johan Silfwerbrand1.1 Introduction, 51.2 Background, 61.3 New and Emerging Technologies, 81.4 Fiber-Optic Technology, 161.5 Acoustic Emission, 241.6 Radar Technology, 271.7 Global Positioning System, 311.8 Corrosion Monitoring Systems, 331.9 Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Systems, 351.10 Components of Structural Health Monitoring System, 371.11 Structural Health Monitoring System Design, 411.12 System Procurement and Installation, 441.13 Application of Structural Health Monitoring Systems, 471.14 Discussion, 671.15 Conclusion, 69Acknowledgments, 70References, 712 Applications of GIS in Engineering Measurements 79Gary S. Spring2.1 Introduction, 792.2 Background, 802.3 Basic Principles of GIS, 812.4 Measurement-Based GIS Applications, 962.5 Implementation Issues, 972.6 Conclusion, 100References, 1023 Traffic Congestion Management 105Nagui M. Rouphail3.1 Introduction and Background, 1053.2 Scope of the Chapter, 1063.3 Organization of the Chapter, 1073.4 Fundamentals of Vehicle Emission Estimation, 1073.5 Inventory of Traffic Congestion Management Methods, 1123.6 Assessing Emission Impacts of Traffic Congestion Management, 1193.7 Summary, 128Acknowledgments, 129References, 1294 Seismic Testing of Highway Bridges 133Eric V. Monzon, Ahmad M. Itani, and Gokhan Pekcan4.1 Introduction, 1334.2 Similitude Requirements, 1344.3 Specimen Fabrication, 1414.4 Input Motion, 1484.5 Instrumentation, 1504.6 Data Acquisition and Processing, 1554.7 Results, 157References, 1585 Measurements in Environmental Engineering 159Daniel A. Vallero5.1 Introduction, 1595.2 Environmental Sampling Approaches, 1665.3 Laboratory Analysis, 1695.4 Measurement Uncertainty, 1835.5 Measurement Decision Making, 1865.6 Environmental Indicators, 1915.7 Extending Measurement Data Using Models, 1995.8 Summary, 200Nomenclature, 200References, 2026 Hydrology Measurements 205Todd C. Rasmussen6.1 Introduction, 2066.2 Precipitation, 2096.3 Evapotranspiration, 2126.4 Surface Flow, 2166.5 Groundwater, 2196.6 Soil Water, 2236.7 Water Quality, 226Suggested Readings, 2317 Mobile Source Emissions Testing 233Mohan Venigalla7.1 Testing for Regulatory Compliance, 234References, 240PART II MECHANICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2418 Dimensions, Surfaces, and their Measurement 243Mikell P. Groover8.1 Dimensions, Tolerances, and Related Attributes, 2448.2 Conventional Measuring Instruments and Gages, 2458.3 Surfaces, 254References, 2569 Mass Properties Measurement 259David Tellet9.1 Introduction, 2609.2 Mass and Weight, 2629.3 Measurement Methodology, 2649.4 Weight and Mass Measurement, 2749.5 Center of Gravity Measurement, 2759.6 MOI Measurement, 2809.7 POI Measurement, 2849.8 Measuring Large Vehicles, 2879.9 Sources of Uncertainty, 292References, 30010 Force Measurement 301Patrick Collins10.1 Introduction, 30210.2 Force Transducers, 30310.3 Universal Testing Machines, 30610.4 The Strain Gauge Sensor, 30710.5 Resonant Element Transducers, 31110.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Transducers, 31410.7 Dynamometers, 31710.8 Optical Force Transducers, 31710.9 Magneto-Elastic Transducers, 32010.10 Force Balance Transducers, 32110.11 Force Transducer Characteristics, 32110.12 Calibration, 32310.13 Conclusion, 329Glossary of Terms, 329References, 34011 Resistive Strain Measurement Devices 343Mark Tuttle11.1 Preliminary Discussion, 34311.2 Resistance Metal Strain Gages, 34911.3 Semiconductor Strain Gages, 36311.4 Liquid Metal Strain Gages, 365References, 36612 Vibration Measurement 367Sheryl M. Gracewski and Nigel D. Ramoutar12.1 Introduction, 36712.2 One-Degree-of-Freedom System Response, 36912.3 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems and the Frequency Response Function, 37312.4 Vibration Measurement Equipment and Techniques, 38812.5 Experimental Modal Analysis, 40512.6 Applications of Vibration Measurement, 423Nomenclature, 428References, 43113 Acoustical Measurements 433Brian E. Anderson, Jonathan D. Blotter, Kent L. Gee, and Scott D. Sommerfeldt13.1 Introduction, 43413.2 Fundamental Measures, 43613.3 Microphones, 44513.4 Sound Pressure Level Measurements, 45113.5 Measurement of Sound Isolation, 45413.6 Room Acoustics Measurements, 45713.7 Community and Environmental Noise, 46313.8 Sound Intensity Measurements, 46513.9 Sound Power Measurements, 47213.10 Sound Exposure Measurements, 476References, 47914 Temperature Measurement 483Peter R. N. ChildsSummary, 48414.1 Introduction, 48414.2 Selection, 48714.3 Invasive Temperature Measurement, 48914.4 Semi-Invasive Methods, 51114.5 Noninvasive Methods, 51414.6 Conclusions, 519Nomenclature, 519References, 52115 Pressure and Velocity Measurements 527Richard S. Figliola and Donald E. Beasley15.1 Pressure Concepts, 52815.2 Pressure Reference Instruments, 53015.3 Pressure Transducers, 53615.4 Pressure Transducer Calibration, 54315.5 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids, 54415.6 Modeling Pressure and Fluid Systems, 54815.7 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects, 54815.8 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems, 552Nomenclature, 563References, 56416 Luminescent Method for Pressure Measurement 567Gamal E. Khalil, Jim W. Crafton, Sergey D. Fonov, Marvin Sellers, and Dana Dabiri16.1 Introduction, 56716.2 Principles of Pressure-Sensitive Paint, 56916.3 Pressure-Sensitive Luminescent Dyes, 57116.4 PSP Polymer and Binder, 57216.5 Measurement Methods, 57416.6 Pressure-Sensitive Paint Measurements, 588Acknowledgments, 611References, 61217 Flow Measurement 615Jesse Yoder17.1 New-Technology and Traditional Technology Flowmeters, 61617.2 Trends in Flow Measurement, 627Further Readings, 62818 Heat Flux Measurement 629Thomas E. Diller18.1 Introduction, 63018.2 Important Issues, 63118.3 Gages Based on Spatial Temperature Difference, 63418.4 Gages Based on Temperature Change with Time, 64318.5 Gages Based on Active Heating Methods, 64818.6 Calibration and Errors, 653References, 65519 Heat Transfer Measurements for Nonboiling Two-Phase Flow 661Afshin J. Ghajar and Clement C. Tang19.1 Introduction, 66119.2 Experimental Setup for Horizontal and Slightly Inclined Pipes, 66219.3 Instruments for Measurement and Data Acquisition, 66619.4 Heat Transfer Experiment Procedures, 66719.5 Verifying the Functionality of the Experimental Setup, 67019.6 Experimental Results of Two-Phase Flow, 67319.7 Concluding Remarks, 682Nomenclature, 683References, 68420 Solar Energy Measurements 687Tariq Muneer and Yieng Wei Tham20.1 Introduction, 68820.2 Measurement Equipment, 69420.3 Equipment Error and Uncertainty, 70320.4 Operational Errors, 70420.5 Diffuse Radiation Data Measurement Errors, 70420.6 Types of Sensors and their Accuracy, 71120.7 Modern Developments, 71120.8 Data Quality Assessment, 71420.9 Statistical Evaluation of Models, 71620.10 Outlier Analysis, 722Acknowledgments, 722References, 72321 Wind Energy Measurements 727Peter Gregg21.1 Introduction, 72821.2 Concepts, 72821.3 Measurements, 73121.4 Evaluation, 739References, 74722 Human Movement Measurements 749Rahman Davoodi22.1 Introduction, 74922.2 Characterization of Human Movement, 75022.3 Optical Motion Capture Systems, 75122.4 Magnetic Motion Capture Systems, 75422.5 Inertial Motion Capture Systems, 75622.6 Discussion, 761Acknowledgment, 762References, 76223 Flow Measurement 765Arnold A. Fontaine, Keefe B. Manning, and Steven Deutsch23.1 Introduction, 76523.2 Flow Measurement Applications, 768References, 799PART III INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 80324 Statistical Quality Control 805Magd E. Zohdi24.1 Measurements and Quality Control, 80524.2 Dimension and Tolerance, 80524.3 Quality Control, 80624.4 Interrelationship of Tolerances of Assembled Products, 81224.5 Operation Characteristic (OC) Curve, 81224.6 Control Charts for Attributes, 81224.7 Acceptance Sampling, 81524.8 Defense Department Acceptance Sampling by Variables, 817Further Readings, 81725 Evaluating and Selecting Technology-Based Projects 819Hans J. Thamhain25.1 Management Perspective, 81925.2 Quantitative Approaches, 82125.3 Qualitative Approaches, 82625.4 Recommendations, 828Variables and Abbreviations, 831References, 83126 Manufacturing Systems Evaluation 833Walter W. Olson26.1 Introduction, 83326.2 Components of Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing, 83426.3 Manufacturing Systems, 83526.4 System Effects on ECM, 83826.5 Assessment, 84026.6 Summary, 844References, 84527 Measuring Performance of Chemical Process Equipment 847Alan Cross27.1 Introduction, 84727.2 Direct Fired Heater Measurement and Process ControlInstrumentation, 84827.3 Crushing and Grinding Equipment Measurements, 851References, 85828 Industrial Energy Efficiency 859B. Gopalakrishnan, D. P. Gupta, Y. Mardikar, and S. Chaudhari28.1 Introduction, 86028.2 Literature Review, 86328.3 Data Analysis of Energy Efficiency Measures, 86428.4 Energy Efficiency Measures in Major Energy ConsumingEquipment, 87228.5 Case Studies of Development of Energy-Efficiency Measures, 87928.6 Conclusion, 881Acknowledgments, 881References, 88129 Industrial Waste Auditing 885C. Visvanathan29.1 Overview, 88529.2 Waste-Minimization Programs, 88629.3 Waste-Minimization Cycle, 88829.4 Waste Auditing, 89029.5 Conclusion, 909Further Readings, 91030 Organizational Performance Measurement 911Jennifer A. Farris, Eileen M. Van Aken, and Geert Letens30.1 Introduction, 91130.2 Summary, 940References, 940INDEXVOLUME 2PART IV MATERIALS PROPERTIES AND TESTING 945 31 Viscosity Measurement 947Ann M. Anderson, Bradford A. Bruno, and Lilla Safford Smith31.1 Viscosity Background, 94731.2 Common Units of Viscosity, 94931.3 Major Viscosity Measurement Methods, 95931.4 ASTM Standards for Measuring Viscosity, 97431.5 Questions to Ask When Selecting a Viscosity Measurement Technique, 976References, 97932 Tribology Measurements 981Prasanta Sahoo32.1 Introduction, 98232.2 Measurement of Surface Roughness, 98332.3 Measurement of Friction, 98832.4 Measurement of Wear, 99232.5 Measurement of Test Environment, 99432.6 Measurement of Material Characteristics, 99832.7 Measurement of Lubricant Characteristics, 100132.8 Wear Particle Analysis, 100432.9 Industrial Measurements, 100532.10 Summary, 100633 Corrosion Monitoring 1007Pierre R. Roberge33.1 What is Corrosion Monitoring?, 100733.2 The Role of Corrosion Monitoring, 100833.3 Corrosion Monitoring System Considerations, 1010References, 111634 Surface Properties Measurement 1121Mrinalini Mulukutla and Sandip P. Harimkar34.1 Introduction, 112134.2 Surface Properties, 112234.3 Microstructural Analysis, 112534.4 Compositional Analysis, 112834.5 Phase Analysis, 113034.6 Mechanical Testing, 113134.7 Corrosion Properties, 114134.8 Standards for Surface Engineering Measurement, 1145References, 114735 Thermal Conductivity of Engineering Materials 1151Juergen Blumm35.1 Introduction, 115135.2 Stationary Methods for Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 115735.3 Transient Methods for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity, 116335.4 Test Results on Various Engineering Materials, 1173References, 118836 Optical Methods for the Measurement of Thermal Conductivity 1189Prabhakar R. Bandaru and Max S. Aubain36.1 Thermal Boundary Resistance May Limit Accuracy in Contact-Based Thermal Conductivity (k) Measurements, 118936.2 Optical Measurements of k May Avoid Contact-Related Issues, 119236.3 Thermoreflectance (TR), 119636.4 Characteristics of Thermoreflectance from Si Thin Films—Modeling and Calibration, 119936.5 Experimental Procedures, 120236.6 Results and Discussion, 120436.7 Summary and Outlook, 1208Acknowledgments, 1209References, 120937 Selection of Metals for Structural Design 1213Matthew J. Donachie37.1 Introduction, 121437.2 Common Alloy Systems, 121537.3 What are Alloys and What Affects their Use?, 121537.4 What are the Properties of Alloys and How are Alloys Strengthened?, 121837.5 Manufacture of Alloy Articles, 122137.6 Alloy Information, 122137.7 Metals at Lower Temperatures, 123137.8 Metals at High Temperatures, 123337.9 Melting and Casting Practices, 123637.10 Forging, Forming, Powder Metallurgy, and Joining of Alloys, 124237.11 Surface Protection of Materials, 124537.12 Postservice Refurbishment and Repair, 124837.13 Alloy Selection: A Look at Possibilities, 124937.14 Level of Property Data, 125237.15 Thoughts on Alloy Systems, 125237.16 Selected Alloy Information Sources, 1259Further Readings, 126138 Mechanical Properties of Polymers 1263Daniel Liu, Jackie Rehkopf, and Maureen Reitman38.1 Microstructure and Morphology of Polymers—Amorphous Versus Crystalline, 126438.2 General Stress–Strain Behavior, 126538.3 Viscoelasticity, 127138.4 Mechanical Models of Viscoelasticity, 127238.5 Time–Temperature Dependence, 127438.6 Deformation Mechanisms, 127438.7 Crazing, 127738.8 Fracture, 127938.9 Modifying Mechanical Properties, 128438.10 Load-Bearing Applications: Creep, Fatigue Resistance, and High Strain Rate Behavior, 1285References, 129039 Electrical Properties of Polymers 1291Evaristo Riande and Ricardo Diaz-Calleja39.1 Introductory Remarks, 129139.2 Polarity and Permittivity, 129239.3 Measurements of Dielectric Permittivity, 129339.4 Polarization and Dipole Moments in Isotropic Systems, 129739.5 Thermostimulated Depolarization Currents, 131639.6 Conductivity in Polyelectrolytes and Polymer-Electrolytes as Separators for Low Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrical Batteries, 131839.7 Semiconductors and Electronic Conducting Polymers, 132439.8 Ferroelectricity, Pyroelectricity, and Piezoelectricity in Polymers, 132839.9 Nonlinear Polarization in Polymers, 133139.10 Elastomers for Actuators and Sensors, 133339.11 Electrical Breakdown in Polymers, 1336References, 133840 Nondestructive Inspection 1343Robert L. Crane and Jeremy S. Knopp40.1 Introduction, 134440.2 Liquid Penetrants, 134740.3 Radiography, 135140.4 Ultrasonic Methods, 136140.5 Magnetic Particle Method, 137040.6 Thermal Methods, 137340.7 Eddy Current Methods, 1375References, 141041 Testing of Metallic Materials 1413Peter C. McKeighan41.1 Mechanical Test Laboratory, 141441.2 Tensile and Compressive Property Testing, 141841.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation Testing, 142041.4 Hardness and Impact Testing, 142241.5 Fracture Toughness Testing, 142541.6 Fatigue Testing, 142941.7 Other Mechanical Testing, 143341.8 Environmental Considerations, 1434Acknowledgments, 1436References, 143642 Ceramics Testing 1437Shawn K. McGuire and Michael G. Jenkins42.1 Introduction, 143742.2 Mechanical Testing, 143842.3 Thermal Testing, 145142.4 Nondestructive Evaluation Testing, 145842.5 Electrical Testing, 146042.6 Summary, 1461References, 146143 Plastics Testing 1463Vishu Shah43.1 Introduction, 146443.2 Mechanical Properties, 146443.3 Thermal Properties, 148143.4 Electrical Properties, 148443.5 Weathering Properties, 148843.6 Optical Properties, 1492Further Readings, 149644 Testing and Instrumental Analysis for Plastics Processing: Key Characterization Techniques 1499Maria del Pilar Noriega44.1 FTIR Spectroscopy, 149944.2 Chromatography (GC, GC-MSD, GC-FID, and HPLC), 150044.3 DSC and Thermogravimetry (TGA), 151044.4 Rheometry, 1518References, 152745 Analytical Tools for Estimation of Particulate Composite Material Properties 1529Tarek I. Zohdi and Magd E. Zohdi45.1 Introduction, 152945.2 Concepts in Statistical Quality Control, 153045.3 Effective Property Estimates, 153145.4 Summary, 1535References, 1537PART V INSTRUMENTATION 153946 Instrument Statics 1541Jerry Lee Hall, Sriram Sundararajan, and Mahmood Naim46.1 Terminology, 154146.2 Static Calibration, 154446.3 Statistics in the Measurement Process, 1547References, 157047 Input and Output Characteristics 1573Adam C. Bell47.1 Introduction, 157447.2 Familiar Examples of Input–Output Interactions, 157547.3 Energy, Power, Impedance, 157847.4 Operating Point of Static Systems, 158647.5 Transforming the Operating Point, 159847.6 Measurement Systems, 160247.7 Distributed Systems in Brief, 160747.8 Concluding Remarks, 1609References, 161048 Bridge Transducers 1611Patrick L. Walter48.1 Terminology, 161248.2 Flexural Devices in Measurement Systems, 161248.3 The Resistance Strain Gage, 161548.4 The Wheatstone Bridge, 162548.5 Resistance Bridge Balance Methods, 163448.6 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Calibration, 163648.7 Resistance Bridge Transducer Measurement System Considerations, 164648.8 AC Impedance Bridge Transducers, 1655References, 1660Further Readings, 166149 Signal Processing 1663John Turnbull49.1 Frequency-Domain Analysis of Linear Systems, 166349.2 Basic Analog Filters, 166649.3 Basic Digital Filter, 167249.4 Stability and Phase Analysis, 168049.5 Extracting Signal from Noise, 1682References, 168350 Data Acquisition and Display Systems 1685Philip C. Milliman50.1 Introduction, 168650.2 Data Acquisition, 168750.3 Process Data Acquisition, 168850.4 Data Conditioning, 169150.5 Data Storage, 169950.6 Data Display and Reporting, 170450.7 Data Analysis, 170750.8 Data Communications, 170850.9 Other Data Acquisition and Display Topics, 171250.10 Summary, 1715References, 1715PART VI MEASUREMENT STANDARDS 151751 Mathematical and Physical Units, Standards, and Tables 1719Jack H. Westbrook51.1 Symbols and Abbreviations, 1720Bibliography for Letter Symbols, 1731Bibliography for Graphic Symbols, 173751.2 Mathematical Tables, 174251.3 Statistical Tables, 176551.4 Units and Standards, 1775Bibliography for Units and Measurements, 180251.5 Tables of Conversion Factors, 180251.6 Standard Sizes, 183351.7 Standard Screws, 188652 Measurement Uncertainty 1911David Clippinger52.1 Introduction, 191152.2 Literature, 191452.3 Evaluation of Uncertainty, 191552.4 Discussion, 1924Disclaimer, 1924References, 192553 Measurements 1927E. L. Hixson and E. A. Ripperger53.1 Standards and Accuracy, 192753.2 Impedance Concepts, 193053.3 Error Analysis, 1935References, 1942INDEX I-1