Electrochemical Power Sources

The Late Vladimir S. Bagotsky (2013) was an acclaimed scientist in the field of electrochemical phenomena.  He has worked as the Head of Department at the Moscow Power Sources Institute, supervising development of fuel cells for various national and international projects.  For 20 years, he was the Head of Department and Principal Scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry.  He has published more than 400 papers in scientific journals such as the Russian Journal of Electrochemistry and The Journal of Power Sources.Alexander  M. Skundin, PhD is a chief scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of sciences. He is one of the main experts on lithium batteries in Russia.Yurij M. Volfkovich, PhD, is chief scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of sciences, and is one of the main experts on supercapacitors in Russia.

“Electrochemical Power Sources: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors” is an excellent introductory text to electrochemical energy devices which covers material considerations, historical developments of the technology and future prospects, spanning fundamental mechanisms to engineering challenges at a high level perspective. The supercapacitor section in particular goes into much more detail of the materials. This text would be most useful for students studying an introduction to electrochemistry course.”  (Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 1 October 2015)

• Foreword xvAcknowledgements xviiPreface xixSymbols xxiAbbrevations xxiiiIntroduction xxvPart I Batteries with Aqueous Electrolytes 11 General Aspects 31.1 Definition 31.2 Current-Producing Chemical Reaction 31.3 Classification 51.4 Thermodynamic Aspects 61.5 Historical Development 81.6 Nomenclature 9Reviews and Monographs 102 Main Battery Types 112.1 Electrochemical Systems 112.2 Leclanché (Zinc–Carbon) Batteries 122.3 The Zinc Electrode in Alkaline Solutions 142.4 Alkaline Manganese–Zinc Batteries 142.5 Lead Acid Batteries 172.6 Alkaline Nickel Storage Batteries 202.7 Silver–Zinc Batteries 23References 24Monographs and Reviews 253 Performance 273.1 Electrical Characteristics of Batteries 273.2 Electrical Characteristics of Storage Batteries 303.3 Comparative Characteristics 303.4 Operational Characteristics 31References 324 Miscellaneous Batteries 334.1 Mercury–Zinc Batteries 334.2 Compound Batteries 344.3 Batteries with Water as Reactant 374.4 Standard Cells 384.5 Reserve Batteries 39Reference 41Reviews and Monographs 415 Design and Technology 435.1 Balance in Batteries 435.2 Scale Factors 445.3 Separators 445.4 Sealing 465.5 Ohmic Losses 475.6 Thermal Processes in Batteries 486 Applications of Batteries 516.1 Automotive Equipment Starter and Auxiliary Batteries 516.2 Traction Batteries 526.3 Stationary Batteries 536.4 Domestic and Portable Systems 536.5 Special Applications 547 Operational Problems 557.1 Discharge and Maintenance of Primary Batteries 557.2 Maintenance of Storage Batteries 567.3 General Aspects of Battery Maintenance 608 Outlook for Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte 63References 64Part II Batteries with Nonaqueous Electrolytes 659 Different Kinds of Electrolytes 679.1 Electrolytes Based on Aprotic Nonaqueous Solutions 689.2 Ionically Conducting Molten Salts 699.3 Ionically Conducting Solid Electrolytes 70References 7210 Insertion Compounds 73Monographs and Reviews 7611 Primary Lithium Batteries 7711.1 General Information: Brief History 7711.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Primary Power Sources 7911.3 Design of Primary Lithium Cells 8111.4 Fundamentals of the Technology of Manufacturing of Lithium Primary Cells 8211.5 Electric Characteristics of Lithium Cells 8211.6 Operational Characteristics of Lithium Cells 8311.7 Features of Primary Lithium Cells of Different Electrochemical Systems 84Monographs 8912 Lithium Ion Batteries 9112.1 General Information: Brief History 9112.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Lithium Ion Batteries 9312.3 Design and Technology of Lithium Ion Batteries 9612.4 Electric Characteristics, Performance, and Other Characteristics of Lithium Ion Batteries 9812.5 Prospects of Development of Lithium Ion Batteries 99Monographs 10113 Lithium Ion Batteries: What Next? 10313.1 Lithium–Air Batteries 10313.2 Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 10613.3 Sodium Ion Batteries 108Reviews 11014 Solid-State Batteries 11114.1 Low-Temperature Miniature Batteries with Solid Electrolytes 11114.2 Sulfur–Sodium Storage Batteries 112Monographs and Reviews 11515 Batteries with Molten Salt Electrolytes 11715.1 Storage Batteries 11715.2 Reserve-Type Thermal Batteries 120References 122Part III Fuel Cells 12316 General Aspects 12516.1 Thermodynamic Aspects 12516.2 Schematic Layout of Fuel-Cell Units 12816.3 Types of Fuel Cells 13116.4 Layout of a Real Fuel Cell: The Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cell with Liquid Electrolyte 13216.5 Basic Parameters of Fuel Cells 134Reference 140Monographs 14017 The Development of Fuel Cells 14117.1 The Period prior to 1894 14117.2 The Period from 1894 to 1960 14317.3 The Period from 1960 to the 1990s 14417.4 The Period after the 1990s 148References 149Monographs and Reviews 15018 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 15118.1 The History of PEMFC 15118.2 Standard PEMFC Version of the 1990s 15418.3 Operating Conditions of PEMFC 15618.4 Special Features of PEMFC Operation 15718.5 Platinum Catalyst Poisoning by Traces of Co in the Hydrogen 15918.6 Commercial Activities in Relation to PEMFC 16118.7 Future Development of PEMFCs 16218.8 Elevated-Temperature PEMFCs (ET-PEMFCs) 167References 170Reviews 17019 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells with Gaseous, Liquid, And/Or Solid Reagents 17119.1 Current-Producing Reactions and Thermodynamic Parameters 17219.2 Anodic Oxidation of Methanol 17219.3 Use of Platinum–Ruthenium Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation 17319.4 Milestones in DMFC Development 17319.5 Membrane Penetration by Methanol (Methanol Crossover) 17419.6 Varieties of DMFC 17619.7 Special Operating Features of DMFC 17819.8 Practical Prototypes of DMFC and Their Features 18019.9 The Problems to be Solved in Future DMFC 18119.10 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells (DLFC) 183Reference 188Reviews 18820 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 19120.1 Special Features of High-Temperature Fuel Cells 19120.2 The Structure of Hydrogen–Oxygen MCFC 19220.3 MCFC with Internal Fuel Reforming 19420.4 The Development of MCFC Work 19520.5 The Lifetime of MCFCs 196References 198Reviews and Monographs 19821 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 19921.1 Schematic Design of a Conventional SOFC 20021.2 Tubular SOFCs 20121.3 Planar SOFCs 20221.4 Varieties of SOFCs 20521.5 The Utilization of Natural Fuels in SOFCs 20621.6 Interim-Temperature SOFCs (ITSOFCs) 20821.7 Low-Temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFC) 21121.8 Factors Influencing the Lifetime of SOFCs 211References 212Monographs and Reviews 21222 Other Types of Fuel Cells 21322.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 21322.2 Redox Flow Fuel Cells 21822.3 Biological Fuel Cells 22122.4 Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFCs) 224References 227Monographs 22723 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) 22923.1 Hydrogen–Oxygen AFCs 23023.2 Problems in the AFC Field 23323.3 The Present State and Future Prospects of AFC Work 23523.4 Anion-Exchange (Hydroxyl Ion Conducting) Membranes 23623.5 Methanol Fuel Cell with an Invariant Alkaline Electrolyte 237References 237Monograph 23724 Applications of Fuel Cells 23924.1 Large Stationary Power Plants 23924.2 Small Stationary Power Units 24224.3 Fuel Cells for Transport Applications 24324.4 Portables 24824.5 Military Applications 250References 25025 Outlook for Fuel Cells 25125.1 Alternating Periods of Hope and Disappointment—Forever? 25225.2 Development of Electrocatalysis 25225.3 “Ideal Fuel Cells” Do Exist 25325.4 Expected Future Situation with Fuel Cells 255Reference 256Monographs 256Part IV Supercapacitors 25726 General Aspects 25926.1 Electrolytic Capacitors 259References 26127 Electrochemical Supercapacitors with Carbon Electrodes 26327.1 Introduction 26327.2 Main Properties of Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) 26427.3 EDLC Energy Density and Power Density 26727.4 Fundamentals of EDLC Macrokinetics 27127.5 Porous Structure and Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic Properties of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 27227.6 Effect of Ratio of Ion and Molecule Sizes and Pore Sizes 27527.7 Effect of Functional Groups on EDLC Characteristics 27727.8 Electrolytes Used in EDLC 27927.9 Impedance of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 28327.10 Nanoporous Carbons Obtained Using Various Techniques 28627.11 High-Frequency Carbon Supercapacitors 30327.12 Self-Discharge of Carbon Electrodes and Supercapacitors 30627.13 Processes of EDLC Degradation (AGING) 311References 313Monograph and Reviews 31328 Pseudocapacitor Electrodes and Supercapacitors 31528.1 Electrodes Based on Inorganic Salts of Transition Metals 31528.2 Electrodes Based on Electron-Conducting Polymers (ECPs) 32228.3 Redox Capacitors Based on Organic Monomers 33328.4 Lithium-Cation-Exchange Capacitors 335References 337Monograph and Reviews 33729 Hybrid (Asymmetric) Supercapacitors (HSCs) 33929.1 HSCs of MeOx/C Types 33929.2 HSCs of ECP/C Type 343References 344Review 34430 Comparison of Characteristics of Supercapacitors and Other Electrochemical Devices. Characteristics of Commercial Supercapacitors 345Reference 350Reviews 35031 Prospects of Electrochemical Supercapacitors 35132 Electrochemical Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion 35532.1 Photoelectrochemical Phenomena 35532.2 Photoelectrochemical Devices 35632.3 Photoexcitation of Metals (Electron Photoemission into Solutions) 35632.4 Behavior of Illuminated Semiconductors 35732.5 Semiconductor Solar Batteries (SC-SB) 35832.6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) 360References 363Reviews and Monographs 363Author Index 365Subject Index 369