Artificial Transmission Lines for RF and Microwave Applications

FERRAN MARTÍN is Full Professor of Electronics in the Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) in Spain. He is the Head of the Microwave Engineering, Metamaterials and Antennas Group (GEMMA) at UAB and the Director of CIMITEC, a research center on metamaterials. Dr. Martín has generated over 450 book chapters, journal papers, and conference contributions (most of them on topics related to the book) and has supervised 14 PhDs. He holds one of the Parc de Recerca UAB/ Santander Technology Transfer Chairs at UAB and has been the recipient of the Duran Farell Prize (2006) and the ICREA Academia Award (2008 and 2013). He is IEEE Fellow since 2012.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xvii1 Fundamentals of Planar Transmission Lines 11.1 Planar Transmission Lines Distributed Circuits and Artificial Transmission Lines 11.2 Distributed Circuit Analysis and Main Transmission Line Parameters 51.3 Loaded (Terminated) Transmission Lines 81.4 Lossy Transmission Lines 161.4.1 Dielectric Losses: The Loss Tangent 191.4.2 Conductor Losses: The Skin Depth 251.5 Comparative Analysis of Planar Transmission Lines 281.6 Some Illustrative Applications of Planar Transmission Lines 311.6.1 Semilumped Transmission Lines and Stubs and Their Application to Low-Pass and Notch Filters 311.6.2 Low-Pass Filters Based on Richard’s Transformations 391.6.3 Power Splitters Based on λ/4 Lines 401.6.4 Capacitively Coupled λ/2 Resonator Bandpass Filters 42References 442 Artificial Transmission Lines based on Periodic Structures 472.1 Introduction and Scope 472.2 Floquet Analysis of Periodic Structures 482.3 The Transfer Matrix Method 532.3.1 Dispersion Relation 542.3.2 Bloch Impedance 562.3.3 Effects of Asymmetry in the Unit Cell through an Illustrative Example 602.3.4 Comparison between Periodic Transmission Lines and Conventional Lines 622.3.5 The Concept of Iterative Impedance 632.4 Coupled Mode Theory 642.4.1 The Cross-Section Method and the Coupled Mode Equations 652.4.2 Relation between the Complex Mode Amplitudes and S-Parameters 692.4.3 Approximate Analytical Solutions of the Coupled Mode Equations 712.4.4 Analytical Expressions for Relevant Parameters of EBG Periodic Structures 772.4.5 Relation between the Coupling Coefficient and the S-Parameters 792.4.6 Using the Approximate Solutions of the Coupled Mode Equations 802.5 Applications 862.5.1 Applications of Periodic Nonuniform Transmission Lines 862.5.1.1 Reflectors 862.5.1.2 High-Q Resonators 922.5.1.3 Spurious Suppression in Planar Filters 932.5.1.4 Harmonic Suppression in Active Circuits 952.5.1.5 Chirped Delay Lines 992.5.2 Applications of Reactively Loaded Lines: The Slow Wave Effect 1022.5.2.1 Compact CPW Bandpass Filters with Spurious Suppression 1052.5.2.2 Compact Microstrip Wideband Bandpass Filters with Ultrawideband Spurious Suppression 108References 1143 Metamaterial Transmission Lines: Fundamentals Theory Circuit Models and Main Implementations 1193.1 Introduction Terminology and Scope 1193.2 Effective Medium Metamaterials 1223.2.1 Wave Propagation in LH Media 1233.2.2 Losses and Dispersion in LH Media 1253.2.3 Main Electromagnetic Properties of LH Metamaterials 1273.2.3.1 Negative Refraction 1283.2.3.2 Backward Cerenkov Radiation 1293.2.4 Synthesis of LH Metamaterials 1313.2.4.1 Negative Effective Permittivity Media: Wire Media 1323.2.4.2 Negative Effective Permeability Media: SRRs 1363.2.4.3 Combining SRRs and Metallic Wires: One-Dimensional LH Medium 1393.3 Electrically Small Resonators for Metamaterials and Microwave Circuit Design 1413.3.1 Metallic Resonators 1423.3.1.1 The Non-Bianisotropic SRR (NB-SRR) 1423.3.1.2 The Broadside-Coupled SRR (BC-SRR) 1423.3.1.3 The Double-Slit SRR (DS-SRR) 1433.3.1.4 The Spiral Resonator (SR) 1443.3.1.5 The Folded SIR 1443.3.1.6 The Electric LC Resonator (ELC) 1453.3.1.7 The Open Split-Ring Resonator (OSRR) 1463.3.2 Applying Duality: Complementary Resonators 1463.3.2.1 Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) 1473.3.2.2 Open Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (OCSRR) 1493.4 Canonical Models of Metamaterial Transmission Lines 1493.4.1 The Dual Transmission Line Concept 1503.4.2 The CRLH Transmission Line 1543.4.3 Other CRLH Transmission Lines 1583.4.3.1 The Dual CRLH (D-CRLH) Transmission Line 1583.4.3.2 Higher-Order CRLH and D-CRLH Transmission Lines 1593.5 Implementation of Metamaterial Transmission Lines and Lumped-Element Equivalent Circuit Models 1623.5.1 CL-Loaded Approach 1623.5.2 Resonant-Type Approach 1663.5.2.1 Transmission Lines based on SRRs 1673.5.2.2 Transmission Lines based on CSRRs 1773.5.2.3 Inter-Resonator Coupling: Effects and Modeling 1833.5.2.4 Effects of SRR and CSRR Orientation: Mixed Coupling 1913.5.2.5 Transmission Lines based on OSRRs and OCSRRs 1953.5.2.6 Synthesis Techniques 2033.5.3 The Hybrid Approach 204References 2064 Metamaterial Transmission Lines: RF/Microwave Applications 2144.1 Introduction 2144.2 Applications of CRLH Transmission Lines 2154.2.1 Enhanced Bandwidth Components 2154.2.1.1 Principle and Limitations 2154.2.1.2 Illustrative Examples 2194.2.2 Dual-Band and Multiband Components 2254.2.2.1 Principle for Dual-Band and Multiband Operation 2274.2.2.2 Main Approaches for Dual-Band Device Design and Illustrative Examples 2284.2.2.3 Quad-Band Devices based on Extended CRLH Transmission Lines 2464.2.3 Filters and Diplexers 2504.2.3.1 Stopband Filters based on SRR- and CSRR-Loaded Lines 2504.2.3.2 Spurious Suppression in Distributed Filters 2514.2.3.3 Narrow Band Bandpass Filters and Diplexers Based on Alternate Right-/Left-Handed Unit Cells 2554.2.3.4 Compact Bandpass Filters based on the Hybrid Approach 2584.2.3.5 Highpass Filters Based on Balanced CRLH Lines 2704.2.3.6 Wideband Filters Based on OSRRs and OCSRRs 2704.2.3.7 Elliptic Lowpass Filters Based on OCSRRs 2774.2.4 Leaky Wave Antennas (LWA) 2824.2.5 Active Circuits 2904.2.5.1 Distributed Amplifiers 2904.2.5.2 Dual-Band Recursive Active Filters 2984.2.6 Sensors 3004.3 Transmission Lines with Metamaterial Loading and Applications 3034.3.1 Multiband Planar Antennas 3044.3.1.1 Multiband Printed Dipole and Monopole Antennas 3044.3.1.2 Dual-Band UHF-RFID Tags 3104.3.2 Transmission Lines Loaded with Symmetric Resonators and Applications 3144.3.2.1 Symmetry Properties: Working Principle for Sensors and RF Bar Codes 3154.3.2.2 Rotation Displacement and Alignment Sensors 3164.3.2.3 RF Bar Codes 324 References 3275 Reconfigurable Tunable and Nonlinear Artificial Transmission Lines 3395.1 Introduction 3395.2 Materials Components and Technologies to Implement Tunable Devices 3395.2.1 Varactor Diodes Schottky Diodes PIN Diodes and Heterostructure Barrier Varactors 3405.2.2 RF-MEMS 3425.2.3 Ferroelectric Materials 3445.2.4 Liquid Crystals 3465.3 Tunable and Reconfigurable Metamaterial Transmission Lines and Applications 3475.3.1 Tunable Resonant-Type Metamaterial Transmission Lines 3475.3.1.1 Varactor-Loaded Split Rings and Applications 3475.3.1.2 Tunable SRRs and CSRRs Based on RF-MEMS and Applications 3625.3.1.3 Metamaterial Transmission Lines Based on Ferroelectric Materials 3755.3.2 Tunable CL-Loaded Metamaterial Transmission Lines 3775.3.2.1 Tunable Phase Shifters 3785.3.2.2 Tunable Leaky Wave Antennas (LWA) 3815.4 Nonlinear Transmission Lines (NLTLs) 3855.4.1 Model for Soliton Wave Propagation in NLTLs 3865.4.2 Numerical Solutions of the Model 391 References 3956 Other Advanced Transmission Lines 4026.1 Introduction 4026.2 Magnetoinductive-wave and Electroinductive-wave Delay Lines 4026.2.1 Dispersion Characteristics 4036.2.2 Applications: Delay Lines and Time-Domain ReflectometryBased Chipless Tags for RFID 4066.3 Balanced Transmission Lines with Common-Mode Suppression 4116.3.1 Strategies for Common-Mode Suppression 4116.3.1.1 Differential Lines Loaded with Dumbbell-Shaped Slotted Resonators 4126.3.1.2 Differential Lines Loaded with CSRRs 4126.3.2 CSRR- and DS-CSRR-Based Differential Lines with Common-Mode Suppression: Filter Synthesis and Design 4146.3.3 Applications of CSRR and DS-CSRR-Based Differential Lines 4186.3.3.1 Differential Line with Common-Mode Suppression 4186.3.3.2 Differential Bandpass Filter with Enhanced Common-Mode Rejection 4216.3.4 Balanced Filters with Inherent Common-Mode Suppression 4216.3.4.1 Balanced Bandpass Filters Based on OSRRs and OCSRRs 4236.3.4.2 Balanced Bandpass Filters Based on Mirrored SIRs 4256.4 Wideband Artificial Transmission Lines 4296.4.1 Lattice Network Transmission Lines 4296.4.1.1 Lattice Network Analysis 4306.4.1.2 Synthesis of Lattice Network Artificial Transmission Lines 4346.4.1.3 The Bridged-T Topology 4376.4.2 Transmission Lines Based on Non-Foster Elements 4396.5 Substrate-Integrated Waveguides and Their Application to Metamaterial Transmission Lines 4416.5.1 SIWs with Metamaterial Loading and Applications to Filters and Diplexers 4446.5.2 CRLH Lines Implemented in SIW Technology and Applications 445References 454Appendix A. Equivalence between Plane Wave Propagation in Source-Free Linear Isotropic and Homogeneous Media; TEM Wave Propagation in Transmission Lines; and Wave Propagation in Transmission Lines Described by its Distributed Circuit Model 460Appendix B. The Smith Chart 468Appendix C. The Scattering Matrix 474Appendix D. Current Density Distribution in a Conductor 480Appendix E. Derivation of the Simplified Coupled Mode Equations and Coupling Coefficient from the Distributed Circuit Model of a Transmission Line 482Appendix F. Averaging the Effective Dielectric Constant in EBG-Based Transmission Lines 484Appendix G. Parameter Extraction 486Appendix H. Synthesis of Resonant-Type Metamaterial Transmission Lines by Means of Aggressive Space Mapping 491Appendix I. Conditions to Obtain All-Pass X-Type and Bridged-T Networks 503Acronyms 505Index 508