Sven G. Sommer, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Denmark.Professor Sommer has over fifteen years' experience in international research within all aspects of manure storage and composting processes.He is currently leading a research group in biosystem technologies at the University of Southern Denmark. Previous studies include: chemical processes and microbial activity affecting gaseous losses of ammonia and greenhouse gases, biogas production and techniques to mitigate greenhouse gas emission (CH4 and N2O) from manure during storage, and development and implementation of efficient and cheap separation techniques.Morten L. Christensen, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark.Thomas Schmidt, Technology Manager, Aarhus University, Denmark.Lars S. Jensen, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

• List of Contributors xiii Preface xvAcknowledgements xvii1 Animal Manure – From Waste to Raw Materials and Goods 1Sven Gjedde SommerReferences 42 Animal Production and Animal Manure Management 5Sven Gjedde Sommer and Morten Lykkegaard Christensen2.1 Introduction 52.2 Housing, Feedlots and Exercise Areas 72.3 Management of Manure 152.4 Systems Analysis Method for Assessing Mass Flows 182.5 Summary 23References 233 Regulations on Animal Manure Management 25Sven Gjedde Sommer, Oene Oenema, Teruo Matsunaka and Lars Stoumann Jensen3.1 Introduction 253.2 Environmental Issues 263.3 Need for Government Regulations 293.4 Global Regulation – Multilateral Environmental Agreements 303.5 Regional Regulations – Exemplified with EU Directives and Regulations 313.6 National Regulations on Agricultural Pollution 343.7 Summary 38References 394 Manure Characterisation and Inorganic Chemistry 41Morten Lykkegaard Christensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer4.1 Introduction 414.2 Livestock Manure Categories 424.3 Physical Characterisation of Manure 454.3.1 Particle Size 454.4 Manure Inorganic Chemistry 494.5 Summary 63References 635 Manure Organic Matter – Characteristics and Microbial Transformations 67Lars Stoumann Jensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer5.1 Introduction 675.2 Manure Organic Matter Composition 685.3 Manure Microbiology 735.4 Microbial and Biochemical Transformations in Manure 755.5 Transformations of Nitrogen 825.6 Summary 87References 876 Sanitation and Hygiene in Manure Management 91Bj¨orn Vinner°as6.1 Hygiene Risks Associated with Manure Management 916.2 Why Must the Pathogens in Manure be Managed? 926.3 Manure Treatment Alternatives 956.4 Chemical Treatment 996.5 Summary 102References 1037 Solid–Liquid Separation of Animal Slurry 105Morten Lykkegaard Christensen, Knud Villy Christensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer7.1 Introduction 1057.2 Removal and Separation Efficiency 1067.3 In-House Separation 1077.4 Solid–Liquid Separation of Manure Slurry 1087.5 Pre-Treatment: Chemical Additives 1197.6 Post-Treatment: Separation Techniques 1247.7 Summary 129References 1298 Gaseous Emissions of Ammonia and Malodorous Gases 131Sven Gjedde Sommer and Anders Feilberg8.1 Introduction 1318.2 Characteristics of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide 1328.3 Processes Involved in Emission 1338.4 Two-Layer Transport and Release Model 1418.5 Assessment of Gas Release and Emission 1478.6 Summary 150References 1519 Ammonia and Malodorous Gases: Sources and Abatement Technologies 153Anders Feilberg and Sven Gjedde Sommer9.1 Introduction 1539.2 Measurement Methods 1549.3 Ammonia Emissions 1579.4 Odour Emissions 1649.5 Technologies and Additives to Reduce NH3 and Odour Emissions 1679.6 Summary 172References 17310 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Manures and Technologies for their Reduction 177Sven Gjedde Sommer, Tim J. Clough, David Chadwick and Søren O. Petersen10.1 Introduction 17710.2 Processes of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Production 17910.3 Methane Production from Manure 18010.4 Nitrous Oxide Production from Manure 18310.5 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions 18610.6 Summary 191References 19211 Nutrient Leaching and Runoff from Land Application of Animal Manure and Measures for Reduction 195Peter Sørensen and Lars Stoumann Jensen11.1 Introduction 19511.2 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Nitrogen 19911.3 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Phosphorus 20311.4 Leaching and Runoff of Potassium 20711.5 Summary 208References 20812 Technologies and Logistics for Handling, Transport and Distribution of Animal Manures 211Claus Grøn Sørensen, Sven Gjedde Sommer, Dionysis Bochtis and Alan Rotz12.1 Introduction 21112.2 Overview of Manure Systems 21312.3 Animal Manure Characteristics 21312.4 Removal from Animal Houses 21412.5 Manure Storage 21712.6 Transport of Manure 21912.7 Application of Manure in the Field 22012.8 Manure Operations Management 22212.9 Farm Scenarios 23212.10 Summary 234References 23413 Bioenergy Production 237Sven Gjedde Sommer, Alastair James Ward and James J. Leahy13.1 Introduction 23713.2 Biomass and Energy 24013.3 Biogas Production 25213.4 Summary 267References 26714 Animal Manure Residue Upgrading and Nutrient Recovery in Biofertilisers 271Lars Stoumann Jensen14.1 Introduction 27114.2 Manure Upgrading Options 27214.3 Composting of Manures 27614.4 Drying and Pelletising Solid Manures 28314.5 Manure Combustion and Gasification Ash 28414.6 Biochar from Pyrolysis or Carbonisation of Solid Manures 28714.7 Precipitates and Mineral Concentrates from Liquid Manures 28814.8 Summary 290References 29115 Animal Manure Fertiliser Value, Crop Utilisation and Soil Quality Impacts 295Lars Stoumann Jensen15.1 Introduction 29515.2 Fertilisation and Crop Nutrient Use Efficiency 29615.3 Use of Animal Manures as Organic Fertilisers 30215.4 Manure Fertiliser Value as Affected by Application Method, Manure Type and Treatment 30815.5 Summary 324References 32516 Life Cycle Assessment of Manure Management Systems 329Sander Bruun, Marieke ten Hoeve and Morten Birkved16.1 Introduction 32916.2 Introduction of Life Cycle Assessment Methodology 33016.3 Four Phases of a Life Cycle Assessment 33016.4 Goal and Scope 33016.5 Inventory Analysis 33416.6 Impact Assessment 33616.7 Interpretation 33916.8 Summary 339References 34117 Innovation in Animal Manure Management and Recycling 343Thomas Schmidt17.1 Introduction – Why is Innovation Important? 34317.2 Innovation Typology 34517.3 Identifying New Innovations 34717.4 Assessing the Potential of New Innovations 35017.5 Commercialisation of New Innovations 35217.6 Summary 355References 355Index

Sven G. Sommer, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Denmark.Professor Sommer has over fifteen years' experience in international research within all aspects of manure storage and composting processes.He is currently leading a research group in biosystem technologies at the University of Southern Denmark. Previous studies include: chemical processes and microbial activity affecting gaseous losses of ammonia and greenhouse gases, biogas production and techniques to mitigate greenhouse gas emission (CH4 and N2O) from manure during storage, and development and implementation of efficient and cheap separation techniques.Morten L. Christensen, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark.Thomas Schmidt, Technology Manager, Aarhus University, Denmark.Lars S. Jensen, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

• List of Contributors xiii Preface xvAcknowledgements xvii1 Animal Manure – From Waste to Raw Materials and Goods 1Sven Gjedde SommerReferences 42 Animal Production and Animal Manure Management 5Sven Gjedde Sommer and Morten Lykkegaard Christensen2.1 Introduction 52.2 Housing, Feedlots and Exercise Areas 72.3 Management of Manure 152.4 Systems Analysis Method for Assessing Mass Flows 182.5 Summary 23References 233 Regulations on Animal Manure Management 25Sven Gjedde Sommer, Oene Oenema, Teruo Matsunaka and Lars Stoumann Jensen3.1 Introduction 253.2 Environmental Issues 263.3 Need for Government Regulations 293.4 Global Regulation – Multilateral Environmental Agreements 303.5 Regional Regulations – Exemplified with EU Directives and Regulations 313.6 National Regulations on Agricultural Pollution 343.7 Summary 38References 394 Manure Characterisation and Inorganic Chemistry 41Morten Lykkegaard Christensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer4.1 Introduction 414.2 Livestock Manure Categories 424.3 Physical Characterisation of Manure 454.3.1 Particle Size 454.4 Manure Inorganic Chemistry 494.5 Summary 63References 635 Manure Organic Matter – Characteristics and Microbial Transformations 67Lars Stoumann Jensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer5.1 Introduction 675.2 Manure Organic Matter Composition 685.3 Manure Microbiology 735.4 Microbial and Biochemical Transformations in Manure 755.5 Transformations of Nitrogen 825.6 Summary 87References 876 Sanitation and Hygiene in Manure Management 91Bj¨orn Vinner°as6.1 Hygiene Risks Associated with Manure Management 916.2 Why Must the Pathogens in Manure be Managed? 926.3 Manure Treatment Alternatives 956.4 Chemical Treatment 996.5 Summary 102References 1037 Solid–Liquid Separation of Animal Slurry 105Morten Lykkegaard Christensen, Knud Villy Christensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer7.1 Introduction 1057.2 Removal and Separation Efficiency 1067.3 In-House Separation 1077.4 Solid–Liquid Separation of Manure Slurry 1087.5 Pre-Treatment: Chemical Additives 1197.6 Post-Treatment: Separation Techniques 1247.7 Summary 129References 1298 Gaseous Emissions of Ammonia and Malodorous Gases 131Sven Gjedde Sommer and Anders Feilberg8.1 Introduction 1318.2 Characteristics of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide 1328.3 Processes Involved in Emission 1338.4 Two-Layer Transport and Release Model 1418.5 Assessment of Gas Release and Emission 1478.6 Summary 150References 1519 Ammonia and Malodorous Gases: Sources and Abatement Technologies 153Anders Feilberg and Sven Gjedde Sommer9.1 Introduction 1539.2 Measurement Methods 1549.3 Ammonia Emissions 1579.4 Odour Emissions 1649.5 Technologies and Additives to Reduce NH3 and Odour Emissions 1679.6 Summary 172References 17310 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Manures and Technologies for their Reduction 177Sven Gjedde Sommer, Tim J. Clough, David Chadwick and Søren O. Petersen10.1 Introduction 17710.2 Processes of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Production 17910.3 Methane Production from Manure 18010.4 Nitrous Oxide Production from Manure 18310.5 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions 18610.6 Summary 191References 19211 Nutrient Leaching and Runoff from Land Application of Animal Manure and Measures for Reduction 195Peter Sørensen and Lars Stoumann Jensen11.1 Introduction 19511.2 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Nitrogen 19911.3 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Phosphorus 20311.4 Leaching and Runoff of Potassium 20711.5 Summary 208References 20812 Technologies and Logistics for Handling, Transport and Distribution of Animal Manures 211Claus Grøn Sørensen, Sven Gjedde Sommer, Dionysis Bochtis and Alan Rotz12.1 Introduction 21112.2 Overview of Manure Systems 21312.3 Animal Manure Characteristics 21312.4 Removal from Animal Houses 21412.5 Manure Storage 21712.6 Transport of Manure 21912.7 Application of Manure in the Field 22012.8 Manure Operations Management 22212.9 Farm Scenarios 23212.10 Summary 234References 23413 Bioenergy Production 237Sven Gjedde Sommer, Alastair James Ward and James J. Leahy13.1 Introduction 23713.2 Biomass and Energy 24013.3 Biogas Production 25213.4 Summary 267References 26714 Animal Manure Residue Upgrading and Nutrient Recovery in Biofertilisers 271Lars Stoumann Jensen14.1 Introduction 27114.2 Manure Upgrading Options 27214.3 Composting of Manures 27614.4 Drying and Pelletising Solid Manures 28314.5 Manure Combustion and Gasification Ash 28414.6 Biochar from Pyrolysis or Carbonisation of Solid Manures 28714.7 Precipitates and Mineral Concentrates from Liquid Manures 28814.8 Summary 290References 29115 Animal Manure Fertiliser Value, Crop Utilisation and Soil Quality Impacts 295Lars Stoumann Jensen15.1 Introduction 29515.2 Fertilisation and Crop Nutrient Use Efficiency 29615.3 Use of Animal Manures as Organic Fertilisers 30215.4 Manure Fertiliser Value as Affected by Application Method, Manure Type and Treatment 30815.5 Summary 324References 32516 Life Cycle Assessment of Manure Management Systems 329Sander Bruun, Marieke ten Hoeve and Morten Birkved16.1 Introduction 32916.2 Introduction of Life Cycle Assessment Methodology 33016.3 Four Phases of a Life Cycle Assessment 33016.4 Goal and Scope 33016.5 Inventory Analysis 33416.6 Impact Assessment 33616.7 Interpretation 33916.8 Summary 339References 34117 Innovation in Animal Manure Management and Recycling 343Thomas Schmidt17.1 Introduction – Why is Innovation Important? 34317.2 Innovation Typology 34517.3 Identifying New Innovations 34717.4 Assessing the Potential of New Innovations 35017.5 Commercialisation of New Innovations 35217.6 Summary 355References 355Index

Sven G. Sommer, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Denmark.Professor Sommer has over fifteen years' experience in international research within all aspects of manure storage and composting processes.He is currently leading a research group in biosystem technologies at the University of Southern Denmark. Previous studies include: chemical processes and microbial activity affecting gaseous losses of ammonia and greenhouse gases, biogas production and techniques to mitigate greenhouse gas emission (CH4 and N2O) from manure during storage, and development and implementation of efficient and cheap separation techniques.Morten L. Christensen, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark.Thomas Schmidt, Technology Manager, Aarhus University, Denmark.Lars S. Jensen, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

• List of Contributors xiii Preface xvAcknowledgements xvii1 Animal Manure – From Waste to Raw Materials and Goods 1Sven Gjedde SommerReferences 42 Animal Production and Animal Manure Management 5Sven Gjedde Sommer and Morten Lykkegaard Christensen2.1 Introduction 52.2 Housing, Feedlots and Exercise Areas 72.3 Management of Manure 152.4 Systems Analysis Method for Assessing Mass Flows 182.5 Summary 23References 233 Regulations on Animal Manure Management 25Sven Gjedde Sommer, Oene Oenema, Teruo Matsunaka and Lars Stoumann Jensen3.1 Introduction 253.2 Environmental Issues 263.3 Need for Government Regulations 293.4 Global Regulation – Multilateral Environmental Agreements 303.5 Regional Regulations – Exemplified with EU Directives and Regulations 313.6 National Regulations on Agricultural Pollution 343.7 Summary 38References 394 Manure Characterisation and Inorganic Chemistry 41Morten Lykkegaard Christensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer4.1 Introduction 414.2 Livestock Manure Categories 424.3 Physical Characterisation of Manure 454.3.1 Particle Size 454.4 Manure Inorganic Chemistry 494.5 Summary 63References 635 Manure Organic Matter – Characteristics and Microbial Transformations 67Lars Stoumann Jensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer5.1 Introduction 675.2 Manure Organic Matter Composition 685.3 Manure Microbiology 735.4 Microbial and Biochemical Transformations in Manure 755.5 Transformations of Nitrogen 825.6 Summary 87References 876 Sanitation and Hygiene in Manure Management 91Bj¨orn Vinner°as6.1 Hygiene Risks Associated with Manure Management 916.2 Why Must the Pathogens in Manure be Managed? 926.3 Manure Treatment Alternatives 956.4 Chemical Treatment 996.5 Summary 102References 1037 Solid–Liquid Separation of Animal Slurry 105Morten Lykkegaard Christensen, Knud Villy Christensen and Sven Gjedde Sommer7.1 Introduction 1057.2 Removal and Separation Efficiency 1067.3 In-House Separation 1077.4 Solid–Liquid Separation of Manure Slurry 1087.5 Pre-Treatment: Chemical Additives 1197.6 Post-Treatment: Separation Techniques 1247.7 Summary 129References 1298 Gaseous Emissions of Ammonia and Malodorous Gases 131Sven Gjedde Sommer and Anders Feilberg8.1 Introduction 1318.2 Characteristics of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide 1328.3 Processes Involved in Emission 1338.4 Two-Layer Transport and Release Model 1418.5 Assessment of Gas Release and Emission 1478.6 Summary 150References 1519 Ammonia and Malodorous Gases: Sources and Abatement Technologies 153Anders Feilberg and Sven Gjedde Sommer9.1 Introduction 1539.2 Measurement Methods 1549.3 Ammonia Emissions 1579.4 Odour Emissions 1649.5 Technologies and Additives to Reduce NH3 and Odour Emissions 1679.6 Summary 172References 17310 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Manures and Technologies for their Reduction 177Sven Gjedde Sommer, Tim J. Clough, David Chadwick and Søren O. Petersen10.1 Introduction 17710.2 Processes of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Production 17910.3 Methane Production from Manure 18010.4 Nitrous Oxide Production from Manure 18310.5 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions 18610.6 Summary 191References 19211 Nutrient Leaching and Runoff from Land Application of Animal Manure and Measures for Reduction 195Peter Sørensen and Lars Stoumann Jensen11.1 Introduction 19511.2 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Nitrogen 19911.3 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Phosphorus 20311.4 Leaching and Runoff of Potassium 20711.5 Summary 208References 20812 Technologies and Logistics for Handling, Transport and Distribution of Animal Manures 211Claus Grøn Sørensen, Sven Gjedde Sommer, Dionysis Bochtis and Alan Rotz12.1 Introduction 21112.2 Overview of Manure Systems 21312.3 Animal Manure Characteristics 21312.4 Removal from Animal Houses 21412.5 Manure Storage 21712.6 Transport of Manure 21912.7 Application of Manure in the Field 22012.8 Manure Operations Management 22212.9 Farm Scenarios 23212.10 Summary 234References 23413 Bioenergy Production 237Sven Gjedde Sommer, Alastair James Ward and James J. Leahy13.1 Introduction 23713.2 Biomass and Energy 24013.3 Biogas Production 25213.4 Summary 267References 26714 Animal Manure Residue Upgrading and Nutrient Recovery in Biofertilisers 271Lars Stoumann Jensen14.1 Introduction 27114.2 Manure Upgrading Options 27214.3 Composting of Manures 27614.4 Drying and Pelletising Solid Manures 28314.5 Manure Combustion and Gasification Ash 28414.6 Biochar from Pyrolysis or Carbonisation of Solid Manures 28714.7 Precipitates and Mineral Concentrates from Liquid Manures 28814.8 Summary 290References 29115 Animal Manure Fertiliser Value, Crop Utilisation and Soil Quality Impacts 295Lars Stoumann Jensen15.1 Introduction 29515.2 Fertilisation and Crop Nutrient Use Efficiency 29615.3 Use of Animal Manures as Organic Fertilisers 30215.4 Manure Fertiliser Value as Affected by Application Method, Manure Type and Treatment 30815.5 Summary 324References 32516 Life Cycle Assessment of Manure Management Systems 329Sander Bruun, Marieke ten Hoeve and Morten Birkved16.1 Introduction 32916.2 Introduction of Life Cycle Assessment Methodology 33016.3 Four Phases of a Life Cycle Assessment 33016.4 Goal and Scope 33016.5 Inventory Analysis 33416.6 Impact Assessment 33616.7 Interpretation 33916.8 Summary 339References 34117 Innovation in Animal Manure Management and Recycling 343Thomas Schmidt17.1 Introduction – Why is Innovation Important? 34317.2 Innovation Typology 34517.3 Identifying New Innovations 34717.4 Assessing the Potential of New Innovations 35017.5 Commercialisation of New Innovations 35217.6 Summary 355References 355Index