Engineering Acoustics

Malcolm J. Crocker obtained his Bachelors degree in Aeronautical Engineering and Masters degree in Noise and Vibration Studies from Southampton University and his PhD in Acoustics from Liverpool University. He worked at Supermarine and Vickers Armstrong Aircraft, UK, and at Wyle Labs, Huntsville, USA on the Lunar Saturn V launch noise. He has held full professor positions at Purdue, Sydney, and Auburn. At Auburn he served as Mechanical Engineering Department Head and Distinguished University Professor. He has published over 300 papers in refereed journals and conference proceedings and written eight books including the award-winning Encyclopedia of Acoustics, Handbook of Acoustics, and Handbook of Noise and Vibration Control for Wiley. Crocker served as one of the four founding directors of I-INCE and one of the four founding directors of IIAV. He was general chair of INTER-NOISE 72. He served for 40 years as Editor-in-Chief of the Noise Control Engineering Journal and the International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration. He has numerous awards including three honorary doctorates in Russia and Romania and is fellow and/or distinguished fellow of ASA, IIAV and ASME. He received the 2017 ASME Per Bruel Gold Medal for contributions to noise control and acoustics. Jorge P. Arenas, Professor and former director of the Institute of Acoustics, University Austral of Chile, and Fellow of the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV). He received a degree in Acoustical Engineering in 1988 and his MSc in Physics in 1996 both from Univ. Austral, Chile. In 2001, he obtained a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Auburn University in the USA. He also gained professional experience at the Institute of Acoustics in Madrid, Spain, and at the University of Southampton in the UK. He has served as the President of the IIAV (2016-2018) and he is currently the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration and a member of the editorial board of the journals Shock and Vibration and Applied Acoustics.

"This book is an excellent source of information for all those who want to learn or deepen their knowledge of acoustics and vibration engineering"—Michael Voerlander, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"A much-needed textbook that is on par with the best noise control books."—David Herrin, Noise Control Engr. J. 70 (6), November-December 2022"To mention a particular highlight, Chapter 12 contains an introduction to the method of statistical energy analysis (SEA)"—Jens Blauert, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2021

• Series Preface xixPreface xxiAcknowledgements xxiii1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Types of Noise and Vibration Signals 11.3 Frequency Analysis 31.4 Frequency Analysis Using Filters 101.5 Fast Fourier Transform Analysis 152 Vibration of Simple and Continuous Systems 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 192.3 Vibrating Systems 232.4 Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems 302.5 Continuous Systems 383 Sound Generation and Propagation 493.1 Introduction 493.2 Wave Motion 493.3 Plane Sound Waves 503.4 Decibels and Levels 563.5 Three-dimensional Wave Equation 603.6 Sources of Sound 613.7 Sound Power of Sources 633.8 Sound Sources Above a Rigid Hard Surface 673.9 Directivity 683.10 Line Sources 713.11 Reflection, Refraction, Scattering, and Diffraction 723.12 Ray Acoustics 743.13 Energy Acoustics 753.14 Near Field, Far Field, Direct Field, and Reverberant Field 763.15 Room Equation 803.16 Sound Radiation From Idealized Structures 823.17 Standing Waves 853.18 Waveguides 913.19 Other Approaches 924 Human Hearing, Speech and Psychoacoustics 954.1 Introduction 954.2 Construction of Ear and Its Working 954.3 Subjective Response 994.4 Hearing Loss and Diseases (Disorders) 1164.5 Speech Production 1185 Effects of Noise, Vibration, and Shock on People 1255.1 Introduction 1255.2 Sleep Disturbance 1255.3 Annoyance 1265.4 Cardiovascular Effects 1275.5 Cognitive Impairment 1295.6 Infrasound, Low-Frequency Noise, and Ultrasound 1305.7 Intense Noise and Hearing Loss 1315.8 Occupational Noise Regulations 1345.9 Hearing Protection 1405.10 Effects of Vibration on People 1445.11 Metrics to Evaluate Effects of Vibration and Shock on People 1476 Description, Criteria, and Procedures Used to Determine Human Response to Noise and Vibration 1556.1 Introduction 1556.2 Loudness and Annoyance 1556.3 Loudness and Loudness Level 1566.4 Noisiness and Perceived Noise Level 1576.5 Articulation Index and Speech Intelligibility Index 1606.6 Speech Interference Level 1616.7 Indoor Noise Criteria 1626.8 Equivalent Continuous SPL 1666.9 Sound Exposure Level 1676.10 Day–Night Equivalent SPL 1686.11 Percentile SPLs 1706.12 Evaluation of Aircraft Noise 1706.13 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 1726.14 Evaluation of Community Noise 1746.15 Human Response 1756.16 Noise Criteria and Noise Regulations 1806.17 Human Vibration Criteria 1827 Noise and Vibration Transducers, Signal Processing, Analysis, and Measurements 1897.1 Introduction 1897.2 Typical Measurement Systems 1897.3 Transducers 1907.4 Noise Measurements 1957.5 Vibration Measurements 2027.6 Signal Analysis, Data Processing, and Specialized Noise And Vibration Measurements 2118 Sound Intensity, Measurements and Determination of Sound Power, Noise Source Identification, and Transmission Loss 2178.1 Introduction 2178.2 Historical Developments in the Measurement of Sound Pressure and Sound Intensity 2178.3 Theoretical Background 2218.4 Characteristics of Sound Fields 2238.5 Active and Reactive Sound Fields 2288.6 Measurement of Sound Intensity 2328.7 Applications 2538.8 Comparison Between Sound Power Measurements Using Sound Intensity and Sound Pressure Methods 2758.9 Standards for Sound Intensity Measurements 2809 Principles of Noise and Vibration Control 2879.1 Introduction 2879.2 Systematic Approach to Noise Problems 2879.3 Use of Vibration Isolators 2909.4 Use of Damping Materials 2969.5 Use of Sound Absorption 3009.6 Acoustical Enclosures 3199.7 Use of Barriers 3309.8 Active Noise and Vibration Control 33910 Mufflers and Silencers – Absorbent and Reactive Types 35110.1 Introduction 35110.2 Muffler Classification 35110.3 Definitions of Muffler Performance 35210.4 Reactive Mufflers 35210.5 Historical Development of Reactive Muffler Theories 35410.6 Classical Reactive Muffler Theory 35810.7 Exhaust System Modeling 37410.8 Tail Pipe Radiation Impedance, Source Impedance and Source Strength 37710.9 Numerical Modeling of Muffler Acoustical Performance 38010.10 Reactive Muffler IL 40310.11 Measurements of Source Impedance 40310.12 Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Ducts 40610.13 Historical Development of Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Duct Theories 40610.14 Parallel-Baffle Mufflers 40711 Noise and Vibration Control of Machines 42711.1 Introduction 42711.2 Machine Element Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 42711.3 Built-up Machines 44311.4 Noise Due to Fluid Flow 45411.5 Noise Control of Industrial Production Machinery 45912 Noise and Vibration Control in Buildings 46512.1 Introduction 46512.2 Sound Transmission Theory for Single Panels 46612.3 Sound Transmission for Double and Multiple Panels 47612.4 Sound and Vibration Transmission and Structural Response Using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) 48412.5 Transmission Through Composite Walls 50812.6 Effects of Leaks and Flanking Transmission 51112.7 Sound Transmission Measurement Techniques 51412.8 Single-Number Ratings for Partitions 52012.9 Impact Sound Transmission 52312.10 Measured Airborne and Impact Sound Transmission (Insulation) Data 52712.11 Sound Insulation Requirements 53412.12 Control of Vibration of Buildings Caused by Strong Wind 54113 Design of Air-conditioning Systems for Noise and Vibration Control 55713.1 Introduction 55713.2 Interior Noise Level Design Criteria 55813.3 General Features of a Ventilation System 55813.4 Fan Noise 56513.5 Space Planning 58113.6 Mechanical Room Noise and Vibration Control 58313.7 Sound Attenuation in Ventilation Systems 59813.8 Sound Generation in Mechanical Systems 61413.9 Radiated Noise 62114 Surface Transportation Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 63314.1 Introduction 63314.2 Automobile and Truck Noise Sources and Control 63314.3 Interior Road Vehicle Cabin Noise 64414.4 Railroad and Rapid Transit Vehicle Noise and Vibration Sources 65014.5 Noise And Vibration Control in Ships 65415 Aircraft and Airport Transportation Noise Sources and Control 66115.1 Introduction 66115.2 Jet Engine Noise Sources and Control 66115.3 Propeller and Rotor Noise Sources and Control 66315.4 Helicopter and Rotor Noise 66315.5 Aircraft Cabin Noise and Vibration and Its Control 66615.6 Airport Noise Control 66916 Community Noise and Vibration Sources 67716.1 Introduction 67716.2 Assessment of Community Noise Annoyance 67716.3 Community Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 68016.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 68916.5 Environmental Noise and Vibration Attenuation 69016.6 City Planning for Noise and Vibration Reduction and Soundscape Concepts 694References 699Glossary 705Index 737