YEBO LI is a Professor in the Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering at the Ohio State University. SAMIR KUMAR KHANAL is an Associate Professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa.

• LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xixPREFACE xxiiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xxviiSECTION I BIOENERGY FUNDAMENTALS 11 INTRODUCTION TO BIOENERGY 3Samir Kumar Khanal and Yebo Li1.1 Energy 31.2 Non-renewable Energy 51.3 Renewable Energy 101.4 Why Renewable Energy? 111.5 Bioenergy 13References 17Exercise Problems 182 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS 19Samir Kumar Khanal2.1 Introduction 192.2 Units of Measurement 192.3 Useful Units and Conversions 212.4 Energy and Heat 252.5 Volume–Mass Relationship 292.6 Ideal Gas Law 292.7 Henry’s Law 30References and Further Reading 32Exercise Problems 323 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES 33Devin Takara and Samir Kumar Khanal3.1 Introduction 333.2 Mass Balances 333.3 Enthalpy 353.4 Energy Balances 36References and Further Reading 39Exercise Problems 394 THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF BASIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS 42Devin Takara and Samir Kumar Khanal4.1 Introduction 424.2 Reaction Thermodynamics 434.3 Reaction Kinetics 46References and Further Reading 48Exercise Problems 485 ORGANIC AND CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY 50Xiaolan Luo and Yebo Li5.1 Introduction 505.2 Structural Formulas and Classification of Organic Compounds 515.3 Aliphatic Compounds 525.4 Aromatic Compounds 615.5 Heterocyclic Compounds 625.6 Carbohydrates 635.7 Proteins and Lipids 66References and Further Reading 69Exercise Problems 706 PLANT STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 71Samir Kumar Khanal Saoharit Nitayavardhana and Rakshit Devappa6.1 Introduction 716.2 Carbohydrates and Their Classification 726.3 Main Constituents of Plant Biomass 736.4 Plant Cell Wall Architecture 80References 85Exercise Problems 867 MICROBIAL METABOLISMS 88Arul M. Varman Lian He and Yinjie J. Tang7.1 Introduction 887.2 Carbon Metabolisms 897.3 Metabolic Models 93References 104Exercise Problems 105Appendix 7.1 Code Useful for Example 7.2 105SECTION II BIOENERGY FEEDSTOCKS 1078 STARCH-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 109Xumeng Ge and Yebo Li8.1 Introduction 1098.2 Corn 1108.3 Sweet Potato 1168.4 Cassava 1208.5 Comparison of Composition Yield and Energy Potential of Corn Sweet Potato and Cassava 124References 125Exercise Problems 1269 OILSEED-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 127Chengci Chen and Marisol Berti9.1 Introduction 1279.2 Soybean 1289.3 Rapeseed and Canola 1329.4 Oil Palm 1359.5 Jatropha 1369.6 Camelina 1389.7 Yield and Oil Content of Major Oilseed Feedstocks 139References 140Exercise Problems 14210 LIGNOCELLULOSE-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 143Sudhagar Mani10.1 Introduction 14310.2 Feedstock Availability and Production 14410.3 Feedstock Logistics 151References 167Exercise Problems 16811 ALGAE-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 170Xumeng Ge Johnathon P. Sheets Yebo Li and Sudhagar Mani11.1 Introduction 17011.2 Algae Classification Cell Structure and Characteristics 17111.3 Mechanism of Algal Growth 17211.4 Algal Growth Conditions 17411.5 Steps in Algal-Biodiesel Production 176References 195Exercise Problems 196SECTION III BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 19912 PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS 201Chang Geun Yoo and Xuejun Pan12.1 Introduction 20112.2 What Does Pretreatment Do? 20212.3 Physical Pretreatment 20512.4 Thermochemical Pretreatment 20712.5 Other Pretreatments 21612.6 Co-products from Lignocellulosic Feedstock Pretreatment 219References 220Exercise Problems 22113 ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS 224David Hodge and Wei Liao13.1 Introduction 22413.2 Nomenclature and Classification of Hydrolases 22513.3 Enzyme Kinetics 22613.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates 240References 246Exercise Problems 24714 ETHANOL FERMENTATION 250Saoharit Nitayavardhana and Samir Kumar Khanal14.1 Introduction 25014.2 Biochemical Pathway 25214.3 Byproducts Formation during Ethanol Fermentation 26314.4 Microbial Cultures 26414.5 Environmental Factors Affecting Ethanol Fermentation 26714.6 Industrial Fuel-Grade Ethanol Production 268References 274Exercise Problems 27515 BUTANOL FERMENTATION 277Victor Ujor and Thaddeus Chukwuemeka Ezeji15.1 Introduction 27715.2 Butanol Fermentation 27915.3 Factors Affecting Butanol Fermentation 28515.4 Substrates for Butanol Fermentation 28715.5 Advanced Butanol Fermentation Techniques and Downstream Processing 288References 292Exercise Problems 29416 SYNGAS FERMENTATION 296Mark R. Wilkins Hasan K. Atiyeh and Samir Kumar Khanal16.1 Introduction 29616.2 Stoichiometry 29716.3 Syngas-Fermenting Bacteria 29816.4 Factors Affecting Syngas Fermentation 30316.5 Product Recovery 308References 309Exercise Problems 31117 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 313Samir Kumar Khanal and Yebo Li17.1 Introduction 31317.2 Organic Conversion in an Anaerobic Process 31517.3 Stoichiometry of Methane Production 32017.4 Important Considerations in Anaerobic Digestion 32317.5 Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) 331References 334Exercise Problems 33618 BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS 338Samir Kumar Khanal and Yebo Li18.1 Introduction 33818.2 Anaerobic Digestion Systems 33818.3 Biogas Cleaning and Upgrading 35418.4 Biogas Utilization 35718.5 Digestate 358References 358Exercise Problems 35919 MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS 361Hongjian Lin Hong Liu Jun Zhu and Venkataramana Gadhamshetty19.1 Introduction 36119.2 How Does a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Work? 36319.3 Electron Transfer Processes 36519.4 Electrical Power and Energy Generation 37019.5 Design and Operation of an MFC 377References 381Exercise Problems 382SECTION IV THERMAL CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 38520 COMBUSTION FOR HEAT AND POWER 387Sushil Adhikari Avanti Kulkarni and Nourredine Abdoulmoumine20.1 Introduction 38720.2 Fundamentals of Biomass Combustion 38920.3 Biomass Properties and Preprocessing 39320.4 Biomass Furnaces 39520.5 Power Generation 39720.6 Biomass Co-firing with Coal 40220.7 Environmental Impact and Emissions of Biomass Combustion 404References 405Exercise Problems 40521 GASIFICATION 407Sushil Adhikari and Nourredine Abdoulmoumine21.1 Introduction 40721.2 Fundamentals of Gasification 40821.3 Gasifiers 41021.4 Feedstock Preparation and Characterization 41421.5 Gasification Mass and Energy Balance 41621.6 Gas Cleanup 41921.7 Applications of Biomass Gasification 419References 421Exercise Problems 421Appendix 42222 PYROLYSIS 423Manuel Garcia-Perez22.1 Introduction 42322.2 Slow vs. Fast Pyrolysis 42522.3 Pyrolysis Reactions and Mechanisms 42622.4 Single-Particle Models 43122.5 Bio-Oil 43222.6 Charcoal 43422.7 Bio-oil Refining 434References 437Exercise Problems 438SECTION V BIOBASED REFINERY 43923 SUGAR-BASED BIOREFINERY 441Samir Kumar Khanal and Saoharit Nitayavardhana23.1 Introduction 44123.2 Stoichiometry 44223.3 Sugarcane Ethanol 44323.4 Sweet Sorghum Ethanol 44623.5 Sugar Beet Ethanol 44723.6 Biochemicals and Biopolymers 448References 450Exercise Problems 45124 STARCH-BASED BIOREFINERY 453Samir Kumar Khanal and Saoharit Nitayavardhana24.1 Introduction 45324.2 Stoichiometry of Starch to Ethanol 45524.3 Integrated Farm-Scale Biorefinery 464References 465Exercise Problems 46625 LIGNOCELLULOSE-BASED BIOREFINERY 467Scott C. Geleynse Michael Paice and Xiao Zhang25.1 Introduction 46725.2 Cell Structure of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks 46825.3 Stoichiometry and Energy Content 46825.4 Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion to Fuel 47225.5 Co-Products from Lignocellulose-Based Biorefinery 47325.6 Industrial Lignocellulose-Based Biorefinery 476References 478Exercise Problems 48026 LIPID-BASED BIOREFINERY 481B. Brian He J. H. Van Gerpen Matthew J. Morra and Armando G. McDonald26.1 Introduction 48126.2 Lipid-Based Feedstocks 48326.3 Chemical Properties of Lipids 48426.4 Biodiesel from Lipids 49126.5 Lipid-Based Biorefinery 498References 501Exercise Problems 502SECTION VI BIOENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS 50527 TECHNO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 507Ganti S. Murthy27.1 Introduction 50727.2 What Is Techno-Economic Analysis? 50827.3 Basic Steps in TEA 50927.4 Tools Software and Data Sources for Performing TEA 517References 518Exercise Problems 51828 LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT 521Ganti S. Murthy28.1 Introduction 52128.2 What Is Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)? 52228.3 Procedure for LCA 52428.4 Tools Available to Perform LCA 53328.5 Advanced Topics 533References 539Exercise Problems 54129 GOVERNMENT POLICY AND STANDARDS FOR BIOENERGY 544Sami Kumar Khanal Gal Hochman Ajay Shah and Jeffrey M. Bielicki29.1 Overview of the Bioenergy Market 54429.2 Rationale for Government Intervention 54629.3 Government Intervention through Policy Tools 55029.4 Biofuels Policy Implementations: Existing Policy Instruments 55029.5 Implications of Biofuels Policies 559References 561Exercise Problems 561INDEX 563

YEBO LI is a Professor in the Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering at the Ohio State University. SAMIR KUMAR KHANAL is an Associate Professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa.

• LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xixPREFACE xxiiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xxviiSECTION I BIOENERGY FUNDAMENTALS 11 INTRODUCTION TO BIOENERGY 3Samir Kumar Khanal and Yebo Li1.1 Energy 31.2 Non-renewable Energy 51.3 Renewable Energy 101.4 Why Renewable Energy? 111.5 Bioenergy 13References 17Exercise Problems 182 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS 19Samir Kumar Khanal2.1 Introduction 192.2 Units of Measurement 192.3 Useful Units and Conversions 212.4 Energy and Heat 252.5 Volume–Mass Relationship 292.6 Ideal Gas Law 292.7 Henry’s Law 30References and Further Reading 32Exercise Problems 323 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES 33Devin Takara and Samir Kumar Khanal3.1 Introduction 333.2 Mass Balances 333.3 Enthalpy 353.4 Energy Balances 36References and Further Reading 39Exercise Problems 394 THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF BASIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS 42Devin Takara and Samir Kumar Khanal4.1 Introduction 424.2 Reaction Thermodynamics 434.3 Reaction Kinetics 46References and Further Reading 48Exercise Problems 485 ORGANIC AND CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY 50Xiaolan Luo and Yebo Li5.1 Introduction 505.2 Structural Formulas and Classification of Organic Compounds 515.3 Aliphatic Compounds 525.4 Aromatic Compounds 615.5 Heterocyclic Compounds 625.6 Carbohydrates 635.7 Proteins and Lipids 66References and Further Reading 69Exercise Problems 706 PLANT STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 71Samir Kumar Khanal Saoharit Nitayavardhana and Rakshit Devappa6.1 Introduction 716.2 Carbohydrates and Their Classification 726.3 Main Constituents of Plant Biomass 736.4 Plant Cell Wall Architecture 80References 85Exercise Problems 867 MICROBIAL METABOLISMS 88Arul M. Varman Lian He and Yinjie J. Tang7.1 Introduction 887.2 Carbon Metabolisms 897.3 Metabolic Models 93References 104Exercise Problems 105Appendix 7.1 Code Useful for Example 7.2 105SECTION II BIOENERGY FEEDSTOCKS 1078 STARCH-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 109Xumeng Ge and Yebo Li8.1 Introduction 1098.2 Corn 1108.3 Sweet Potato 1168.4 Cassava 1208.5 Comparison of Composition Yield and Energy Potential of Corn Sweet Potato and Cassava 124References 125Exercise Problems 1269 OILSEED-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 127Chengci Chen and Marisol Berti9.1 Introduction 1279.2 Soybean 1289.3 Rapeseed and Canola 1329.4 Oil Palm 1359.5 Jatropha 1369.6 Camelina 1389.7 Yield and Oil Content of Major Oilseed Feedstocks 139References 140Exercise Problems 14210 LIGNOCELLULOSE-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 143Sudhagar Mani10.1 Introduction 14310.2 Feedstock Availability and Production 14410.3 Feedstock Logistics 151References 167Exercise Problems 16811 ALGAE-BASED FEEDSTOCKS 170Xumeng Ge Johnathon P. Sheets Yebo Li and Sudhagar Mani11.1 Introduction 17011.2 Algae Classification Cell Structure and Characteristics 17111.3 Mechanism of Algal Growth 17211.4 Algal Growth Conditions 17411.5 Steps in Algal-Biodiesel Production 176References 195Exercise Problems 196SECTION III BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 19912 PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS 201Chang Geun Yoo and Xuejun Pan12.1 Introduction 20112.2 What Does Pretreatment Do? 20212.3 Physical Pretreatment 20512.4 Thermochemical Pretreatment 20712.5 Other Pretreatments 21612.6 Co-products from Lignocellulosic Feedstock Pretreatment 219References 220Exercise Problems 22113 ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS 224David Hodge and Wei Liao13.1 Introduction 22413.2 Nomenclature and Classification of Hydrolases 22513.3 Enzyme Kinetics 22613.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates 240References 246Exercise Problems 24714 ETHANOL FERMENTATION 250Saoharit Nitayavardhana and Samir Kumar Khanal14.1 Introduction 25014.2 Biochemical Pathway 25214.3 Byproducts Formation during Ethanol Fermentation 26314.4 Microbial Cultures 26414.5 Environmental Factors Affecting Ethanol Fermentation 26714.6 Industrial Fuel-Grade Ethanol Production 268References 274Exercise Problems 27515 BUTANOL FERMENTATION 277Victor Ujor and Thaddeus Chukwuemeka Ezeji15.1 Introduction 27715.2 Butanol Fermentation 27915.3 Factors Affecting Butanol Fermentation 28515.4 Substrates for Butanol Fermentation 28715.5 Advanced Butanol Fermentation Techniques and Downstream Processing 288References 292Exercise Problems 29416 SYNGAS FERMENTATION 296Mark R. Wilkins Hasan K. Atiyeh and Samir Kumar Khanal16.1 Introduction 29616.2 Stoichiometry 29716.3 Syngas-Fermenting Bacteria 29816.4 Factors Affecting Syngas Fermentation 30316.5 Product Recovery 308References 309Exercise Problems 31117 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 313Samir Kumar Khanal and Yebo Li17.1 Introduction 31317.2 Organic Conversion in an Anaerobic Process 31517.3 Stoichiometry of Methane Production 32017.4 Important Considerations in Anaerobic Digestion 32317.5 Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) 331References 334Exercise Problems 33618 BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS 338Samir Kumar Khanal and Yebo Li18.1 Introduction 33818.2 Anaerobic Digestion Systems 33818.3 Biogas Cleaning and Upgrading 35418.4 Biogas Utilization 35718.5 Digestate 358References 358Exercise Problems 35919 MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS 361Hongjian Lin Hong Liu Jun Zhu and Venkataramana Gadhamshetty19.1 Introduction 36119.2 How Does a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Work? 36319.3 Electron Transfer Processes 36519.4 Electrical Power and Energy Generation 37019.5 Design and Operation of an MFC 377References 381Exercise Problems 382SECTION IV THERMAL CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 38520 COMBUSTION FOR HEAT AND POWER 387Sushil Adhikari Avanti Kulkarni and Nourredine Abdoulmoumine20.1 Introduction 38720.2 Fundamentals of Biomass Combustion 38920.3 Biomass Properties and Preprocessing 39320.4 Biomass Furnaces 39520.5 Power Generation 39720.6 Biomass Co-firing with Coal 40220.7 Environmental Impact and Emissions of Biomass Combustion 404References 405Exercise Problems 40521 GASIFICATION 407Sushil Adhikari and Nourredine Abdoulmoumine21.1 Introduction 40721.2 Fundamentals of Gasification 40821.3 Gasifiers 41021.4 Feedstock Preparation and Characterization 41421.5 Gasification Mass and Energy Balance 41621.6 Gas Cleanup 41921.7 Applications of Biomass Gasification 419References 421Exercise Problems 421Appendix 42222 PYROLYSIS 423Manuel Garcia-Perez22.1 Introduction 42322.2 Slow vs. Fast Pyrolysis 42522.3 Pyrolysis Reactions and Mechanisms 42622.4 Single-Particle Models 43122.5 Bio-Oil 43222.6 Charcoal 43422.7 Bio-oil Refining 434References 437Exercise Problems 438SECTION V BIOBASED REFINERY 43923 SUGAR-BASED BIOREFINERY 441Samir Kumar Khanal and Saoharit Nitayavardhana23.1 Introduction 44123.2 Stoichiometry 44223.3 Sugarcane Ethanol 44323.4 Sweet Sorghum Ethanol 44623.5 Sugar Beet Ethanol 44723.6 Biochemicals and Biopolymers 448References 450Exercise Problems 45124 STARCH-BASED BIOREFINERY 453Samir Kumar Khanal and Saoharit Nitayavardhana24.1 Introduction 45324.2 Stoichiometry of Starch to Ethanol 45524.3 Integrated Farm-Scale Biorefinery 464References 465Exercise Problems 46625 LIGNOCELLULOSE-BASED BIOREFINERY 467Scott C. Geleynse Michael Paice and Xiao Zhang25.1 Introduction 46725.2 Cell Structure of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks 46825.3 Stoichiometry and Energy Content 46825.4 Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion to Fuel 47225.5 Co-Products from Lignocellulose-Based Biorefinery 47325.6 Industrial Lignocellulose-Based Biorefinery 476References 478Exercise Problems 48026 LIPID-BASED BIOREFINERY 481B. Brian He J. H. Van Gerpen Matthew J. Morra and Armando G. McDonald26.1 Introduction 48126.2 Lipid-Based Feedstocks 48326.3 Chemical Properties of Lipids 48426.4 Biodiesel from Lipids 49126.5 Lipid-Based Biorefinery 498References 501Exercise Problems 502SECTION VI BIOENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS 50527 TECHNO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 507Ganti S. Murthy27.1 Introduction 50727.2 What Is Techno-Economic Analysis? 50827.3 Basic Steps in TEA 50927.4 Tools Software and Data Sources for Performing TEA 517References 518Exercise Problems 51828 LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT 521Ganti S. Murthy28.1 Introduction 52128.2 What Is Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)? 52228.3 Procedure for LCA 52428.4 Tools Available to Perform LCA 53328.5 Advanced Topics 533References 539Exercise Problems 54129 GOVERNMENT POLICY AND STANDARDS FOR BIOENERGY 544Sami Kumar Khanal Gal Hochman Ajay Shah and Jeffrey M. Bielicki29.1 Overview of the Bioenergy Market 54429.2 Rationale for Government Intervention 54629.3 Government Intervention through Policy Tools 55029.4 Biofuels Policy Implementations: Existing Policy Instruments 55029.5 Implications of Biofuels Policies 559References 561Exercise Problems 561INDEX 563