Fire Performance Analysis for Buildings

Robert W. Fitzgerald, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USABrian J. Meacham, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA

• Preface xxiiiAcknowledgements xxv1 Fire Performance and Buildings 11.1 The Dynamics of Building Fire Performance 11.2 The Anatomy of Building Fire Safety 1Part I The Foundation 72 Preliminary Organization 92.1 Introduction 92.2 Overview of Evaluations 9Part One: Organizational Concepts 122.3 The Diagnostic Fire 122.4 Anatomy of a Representative Fire 12Part Two: Barriers, Spaces, and Connectivity 152.7 Spaces and Barriers 152.8 Barriers and Fire 15Part Three: Fire Defenses 232.14 Fire Defenses 232.15 Active Fire Defenses 242.17 Closure 303 Tools of Analysis 313.1 Introduction 31Part One: The Logic 323.2 The Framework Logic 323.3 The Major Parts 32Part Two: Space–Barrier Connectivity 513.14 Introduction 513.15 Room Connectivity 51Part Three: Additional Tools 553.19 Networks and Charts 553.20 Organizational Charts 554 An Introduction to the Interactive Performance Information Chart 594.1 Introduction 594.2 The Basic Template 595 Quantification 735.1 Performance Evaluations 735.2 Information Accessibility 74Part II The Parts 796 The Room Fire 816.1 Introduction 81Part One: Room Fire Concepts 826.2 Fire 826.3 The Role of Heat: Ignition 82Part Two: Room Fire Descriptors 946.17 Introduction 946.18 Fuels 947 The Room Fire: Qualitative Analysis 1197.1 The Role of Qualitative Analysis 1197.2 Qualitative Estimates for Room Fires 120Part One: Bottom‐up Estimates 1217.3 Bottom‐up Scenario Estimates 1217.3.1 Realm 1: FFS to IG 121Part Two: Top‐down Estimates 1337.7 Qualitative Room Classifications 1337.8 FGP Comparisons 1338 Beyond the Room of Origin 1478.1 Introduction 1478.2 The Inspection Plan 147Part One: Barrier Effectiveness 1498.3 Barrier Functions in Buildings 1498.4 Barrier Fire Functions 149Part Two: Barrier–Space Modules 1598.8 Introduction 1598.9 Barrier–Space Modules 159Part Three: Qualitative Fire Analysis 1658.17 Introduction 1658.18 The Process 1659 Smoke Analysis 1759.1 Introduction 1759.2 The Plan 17610 The Diagnostic Fire 19110.1 Diagnostic Fires 19110.2 Interactive Performance Information (IPI) Chart and the Diagnostic Fire 19110.3 Closure 19211 Fire Detection 19311.1 Introduction 193Part One: Automatic Detection 19411.2 Instrument Detection 19411.3 Detection Instruments 194Part Two: Human Detection 20011.6 Concepts in Human Fire Detection 20011.7 Human Detection Analysis 20011.8 Closure 20212 Alarm: Actions After Detection 20312.1 Introduction 203Part One: Alert Occupants 20512.2 Focus on Alert 20512.3 Alerting Occupants 205Part Two: Notify Local Fire Department 20912.5 Introduction 20912.6 Human Notification (MN) 20912.7 Discussion 21212.8 Automated Notification Services 21312.9 Discussion 216Part Three: Building System Interfaces 21712.10 Release Services 21713 Fire Department Extinguishment: Arrival 21913.1 Introduction 21913.2 Organizing the Topic 219Part One: Manual Extinguishment Overview 22113.3 The Role of the Fire Department 22113.4 Building Analysis Overview 22113.5 Part A: Ignition to Notification 223Part Two: Community Fire Departments 22613.8 Fire Department Organizations 22613.9 Fire Companies 226Part Three: Community Fire Response 23113.11 Fire Department Response Time 23113.12 Communications Centers 23114 Fire Department Extinguishment: First Water (MA) 237The Fire Fighter and the Engineer 23714.1 Introduction 239Part One: An Overview of Manual Extinguishment Analysis 24114.2 The Process 24114.3 Phase 1: Initial Water Application (MA) 24214.4 Summary 248Part Two: A Brief Look at Fire Fighting 24914.5 Initial Fire Ground Actions 24914.6 Information 24914.7 Pause for Discussion 25114.8 Manual Fire Fighting 25214.9 No Two Fires Are Alike 25314.10 Summary 253Part Three: Supply Water Analysis 25414.11 Introduction 25414.12 Scenario Analysis 25414.13 Supply Water Analysis 258Part Four: Interior Fire Attack Analysis 27814.29 Introduction 27814.30 Overview of Stretching Interior Attack Lines 27814.31 Task Modules 279Part Five: Phase 1 Analysis 29014.39 Introduction 29014.40 Phase 1 Comments 29015 Fire Department Extinguishment: Control and Extinguishment 29515.1 First Water Applied… Now What? 29515.2 The Engineer and the Incident Commander 29516 Automatic Sprinkler Suppression 30516.1 Introduction 30516.2 Sprinkler System Performance 305Part One: Sprinkler Systems 30716.3 Sprinkler Extinguishment 30716.4 The Sprinkler System 30816.5 Types of Sprinkler Systems 309Part Two: Sprinkler Performance 31216.6 Organization for Thinking 31216.7 Agent Application (AA) 31216.8 Agent Application Events 31316.19 Automatic Suppression 32316.20 Closure 32417 The Composite Fire 32517.1 Introduction 32517.2 The Fire Limit (L) 32518 Materials, Codes, Standards, Practices, and Performance 33118.1 Introduction 331Part One: Building Construction 33318.2 The Structural Frame 33318.3 Material Behavior in Fires 334Part Two: Historical Perspective 33818.4 The Built Environment Around World War I 33818.5 Structural Practice Around World War I 338Part Three: Fire Endurance Testing 34518.12 Fire Test Interpretations 34518.13 The Standard Fire Endurance Test 34518.14 Fire Endurance Test Discussion 346Part Four: Fire Severity 34918.15 Introduction 34918.16 Fuel Loads 34918.17 The Ingberg Correlation 352Part Five: Transitions 36318.25 The Issue 36319 Concepts in Structural Analysis for Fire Conditions 36519.1 Introduction 36519.2 Structural Fire Performance 365Part One: Building Design 36719.3 The Development Process 36719.4 Building Design 36719.5 Information Technology 368Part Two: Structural Engineering and Building Design 37119.6 The Master Builder 37119.7 The Rise of Engineering 37119.8 The Building 372Part Three: Structural Engineering 37719.13 Introduction 37719.14 Beam Analysis 377Part Four: Structural Analysis for Fire Conditions 38719.18 Introduction 38719.19 Outcomes 38720 Target Spaces and Smoke 40120.1 Introduction 40120.2 Orientation 40121 Life Safety 41121.1 Introduction 41121.2 Human Reaction to Products of Combustion 41221.3 Tenability 41421.4 Fire Fighter Safety 41422 Risk Characterizations 41722.1 Introduction 41722.2 The Exposed 417Part One: Human Safety 41922.3 Life Safety 41922.4 Overview of Life Safety Alternatives 419Part Two: Other Risks 43122.16 Property Protection 43122.17 Continuity of Operations 43123 Fire Prevention 43523.1 Introduction 435Part One: Prevent Established Burning 43623.2 Prevent EB 43623.2.1 Ignition Potential 43623.2.2 Initial Fire Growth 437Part Two: Automatic Special Hazard Suppression 44223.7 Introduction 44223.8 Carbon Dioxide Systems 443Part III The Analysis 44924 Fire Performance: Framework for Analysis 45124.1 Organizational Concepts 45124.2 Performance Evaluations 45124.3 Analytical Framework 45224.4 Fire, Risk, and Buildings 45425 The Diagnostic Fire 45525.1 Introduction 45525.2 Top‐down Estimates 45626 Fire Detection 46326.1 Introduction 463Part One: Automatic Detection 46426.2 Detection Analysis 46426.3 Detection Example 46626.4 Detection Estimate 46926.5 Detector Reliability 469Part Two: Human Detection 47126.6 Concepts in Human Detection Analysis 47126.7 Human Detection Analysis 47126.8 Closure 47327 Fire Department Notification 47527.1 Introduction 47527.2 The Human Link in Notification 47528 Fire Department Extinguishment 48328.1 Introduction 48328.2 Framework for Analysis 48329 Automatic Sprinkler Suppression 50129.1 Introduction 50129.2 Agent Application (AA) 50230 The Composite Fire 51730.1 Introduction 51730.2 Event Logic Description 51731 Structural Performance 52131.1 Introduction 52131.2 Interactive Performance Information (IPI) Documentation 52132 Target Space Smoke Analysis 52532.1 Introduction 52532.2 Success or Failure? 52632.3 Target Room Performance Bounds 52733 Life Safety Analysis 53133.1 Introduction 53133.2 The Exposed 53134 Prevent Established Burning 54134.1 Introduction 541Part One: Established Burning Prevention 54434.2 Ignition Potential 54434.3 Established Burning Evaluation 544Part Two: Special Hazards Protection 55034.6 The Role of Special Hazards Suppression 55034.7 Framework for Analysis 550Part IV Managing Uncertainty 55535 Understanding Uncertainty 55735.1 Introduction 55735.2 Window of Uncertainty 55736 Visual Thinking 58136.1 Introduction 58136.2 A Case Study 58137 Introduction to Risk Management 59737.1 Introduction 597Part One: The Process 59837.2 Audience 59837.3 Fire Safety Management 598Part Two: Information Acquisition 60437.8 Introduction 60437.9 Understand the Problem 604Part Three: Develop a Risk Management Program 60837.13 Structure a Risk Management Program 60837.14 Evaluate “Prevent EB” 60838 Analytical Foundations 61538.1 Historical Origins 615Part One: Logic Diagrams and Networks 61738.2 Event Trees 61738.3 Fault and Success Trees 618Part Two: Probability 62838.12 Meanings of Probability 62838.13 Fire Safety Applications 629Part Three: The Role of Judgment 63238.17 Introduction 63238.18 Building Decisions 632Appendix A Organizational Structure 637A.1 The Organizational Framework 637A.2 Basic Organization 637A.3 The Composite Fire 637A.4 The Diagnostic Fire (Ī) 639A.5 Fire Department Manual Extinguishment 640A.6 Detection 640A.7 Notification 642A.8 Notification to Arrival 643A.9 Arrival to Extinguishment 645A.10 Automatic Sprinkler System 646A.11 Building Response: Structural Behavior 647A.12 Building Response: Space Tenability 648A.13 Risk Characterizations 648A.14 Occupant Movement 650A.15 Other Risks 651A.16 Prevent Established Burning (EB): Occupant Extinguishment 651A.17 Prevent EB: Special Hazards Protection 653A.18 Closure 653Appendix B Model Building 655Description 655Plans 655Index 661