Inorganic Membrane Reactors

Xiaoyao Tan is Professor of Chemical Engineering at Tianjin Polytechnic University, China Currently he teaches Membrane Science and Technology to undergraduate students. He received his PhD from Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1995, and has been working in the membrane area for more than 15 years. His research interests involve the preparation and characterization of various inorganic membranes such as ceramics, metals, and zeolites for fluid separations/reactions. He has published 120+ research papers in international referred journals, 15 patents and 4 book chapters in the area of inorganic membranes and membrane reactors.Kang Li is Professor of Chemical Engineering at Imperial College London. His present research interests are in the preparation and characterisation of polymeric and inorganic hollow fibre membranes, fluid separations using membranes, and membrane reactors for energy application and CO2 capture. Kang Li currently leads a research group at Imperial of 2 MSc students, 8 PhD students and 3 post-doctorial research fellows. He has published over 180 research papers in international referred journals, holds five patents, and is the author of a book in the area of ceramic membranes (Ceramic Membranes for Separation and Reaction, John Wiley, 2007).

• Preface xi 1 Fundamentals of Membrane Reactors 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Membrane and Membrane Separation 11.2.1 Membrane Structure 21.2.2 Membrane Separation 41.2.3 Membrane Performance 61.3 Inorganic Membranes 71.3.1 Types of Inorganic Membranes 71.3.2 Fabrication of Inorganic Membranes 111.3.3 Characterization of Inorganic Membranes 131.3.4 Applications of Inorganic Membranes 131.4 Inorganic Membrane Reactors 141.4.1 Basic Principles of Membrane Reactors 141.4.2 Incorporation of Catalyst in Membrane Reactors 171.4.3 Configuration of Membrane Reactors 201.4.4 Classification of Membrane Reactors 23References 252 Porous Membrane Reactors 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Gas Permeation in Porous Membranes 282.2.1 Types of Porous Membranes 282.2.2 Transport Mechanisms 302.2.3 Gas Permeation Flux through Porous Membranes 332.3 Preparation of Porous Membranes 382.3.1 Dip-Coating Method 392.3.2 Sol-Gel Method 412.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method 422.3.4 Phase Inversion Method 442.3.5 O ther Preparation Methods 462.4 Porous Membranes for Chemical Reactions 472.4.1 Membrane Materials 472.4.2 Membrane Functions 492.5 Catalysis in Porous Membrane Reactors 502.5.1 Catalyst in Membrane Reactors 502.5.2 Catalyst Deposition in Porous Membranes 522.6 O peration of Porous Membrane Reactors 532.6.1 Packed Bed Membrane Reactors 532.6.2 Catalytic Membrane Reactors 552.6.3 Coupling of Membrane Functions 572.6.4 Non-uniform Distribution of Membrane Permeability 572.7 Applications of Porous Membrane Reactors 592.7.1 Dehydrogenation Reactions 592.7.2 Reforming Reactions for Hydrogen Production 602.7.3 Partial Oxidation Reactions 622.7.4 Gas–Liquid–Solid Multiphase Reactions 652.7.5 O ther Reactions 662.8 Prospects and Challenges 67Notation 68References 703 Zeolite Membrane Reactors 753.1 Introduction 753.2 Permeation in Zeolite Membranes 763.2.1 Types of Zeolite Membranes 763.2.2 Transport Mechanisms 763.2.3 Permeation Flux in Zeolite Membranes 783.3 Preparation of Zeolite Membranes 803.3.1 In-Situ Crystallization Method 803.3.2 Secondary Growth Method 823.3.3 Vapor-Phase Transport Method 843.3.4 Microwave Synthesis Method 853.4 Configuration of Zeolite Membrane Reactors 863.4.1 Packed Bed Membrane Reactor 873.4.2 Catalytic Membrane Reactor 873.4.3 Pervaporation Membrane Reactor 883.4.4 Membrane Microreactor 893.5 Applications of Zeolite Membrane Reactors 903.5.1 Dehydrogenation Reactions 903.5.2 Dehydration Reactions 903.5.3 Oxidative Reactions 933.5.4 Isomerization Reactions 943.6 Prospects and Challenges 94Notation 96References 974 Dense Metallic Membrane Reactors 1014.1 Introduction 1014.2 Gas Permeation in Dense Metallic Membranes 1024.2.1 Types of Dense Metallic Membranes 1024.2.2 Hydrogen Permeation Mechanism in Pd-Based Membranes 1034.2.3 Effect of Substrate on H2 Permeation 1084.3 Preparation of Dense Metallic Membranes 1104.3.1 Cold-Rolling and Diffusion Welding Method 1104.3.2 Electroless Plating Method 1114.3.3 Electroplating Method 1134.3.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method 1144.3.5 High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel Spraying Method 1154.3.6 Magnetron Sputtering Method 1154.3.7 Summary 1154.4 Configurations of Metallic Membrane Reactors 1174.4.1 Packed Bed Membrane Reactor 1174.4.2 Membrane Microreactor 1224.5 Applications of Dense Metallic Membrane Reactors 1234.5.1 Dehydrogenation Reactions 1234.5.2 Reforming Reactions for H2 Production 1264.5.3 Direct Hydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds 1334.5.4 Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide 1344.6 Challenges and Prospects 135Notation 136References 1375 Dense Ceramic Oxygen-Permeable Membrane Reactors 1435.1 Introduction 1435.2 Oxygen Permeation in Dense Ceramic Membranes 1465.2.1 Membrane Materials 1465.2.2 O xygen Permeation Flux in MIEC Membranes 1485.3 Preparation of Dense Ceramic Membranes 1545.3.1 Isostatic Pressing 1545.3.2 Extrusion 1545.3.3 Phase Inversion 1555.3.4 Slurry Coating 1565.3.5 Tape Casting 1565.4 Dense Ceramic Membrane Reactors 1575.4.1 Principles of Dense Ceramic Membrane Reactors 1575.4.2 Configurations of Dense Ceramic Membrane Reactors 1595.5 Applications of Dense Ceramic Oxygen Permeable Membrane Reactors 1605.5.1 Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas 1615.5.2 Oxidative Coupling of Methane 1655.5.3 Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Alkanes (Ethane and Propane) 1695.5.4 Decomposition of H2O, NO x, and CO2 1705.6 Prospects and Challenges 176Notation 178References 1796 Proton-Conducting Ceramic Membrane Reactors 1876.1 Introduction 1876.2 Proton/Hydrogen Permeation inProton-Conducting Ceramic Membranes 1876.2.1 Proton-Conducting Ceramics 1876.2.2 Hydrogen/Proton Permeation in Mixed Conducting Membranes 1896.3 Preparation of Proton-Conducting Ceramic Membranes 1936.3.1 Suspension Coating 1936.4 Configuration of Proton-Conducting Membrane Reactors 1956.5 Applications of Proton-Conducting Ceramic Membrane Reactors 1986.5.1 Dehydrogenation Coupling of Methane 1996.5.2 Dehydrogenation of Alkanes into Alkenes 2016.5.3 WGS Reaction and Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production 2036.5.4 Decomposition of NOx 2056.5.5 Synthesis of Ammonia 2066.5.6 Challenges and Future Work 208Notation 210References 2107 Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactors 2157.1 Introduction 2157.2 Configurations and Construction of FBMRs 2167.3 Applications 2227.3.1 Methane Steam Reforming and Dehydrogenation Reactions 2227.3.2 Partial Oxidation Reactions 2247.4 Prospects and Challenges 224References 2258 Membrane Microreactors 2278.1 Introduction 2278.2 Configurations and Fabrication of Membrane Microreactors 2288.2.1 Plate-Type Membrane Microreactors 2288.2.2 Tubular Membrane Microreactors 2338.3 Applications of Membrane Microreactors 2388.3.1 Pd-MMRs for Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation Reactions 2388.3.2 Zeolite-MMRs for Knoevenagel Condensation and Selective Oxidation Reactions 2418.3.3 Catalytic MMRs for G–L–S Reactions 2438.4 Fluid Flow in Membrane Microreactors 2448.5 Prospects and Challenges 246References 2479 Design of Membrane Reactors 2519.1 Introduction 2519.2 Design Equations for Membrane Reactors 2519.2.1 Packed Bed Membrane Reactors 2529.3 Flow-Through Catalytic Membrane Reactors 2599.3.1 Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactors 2619.4 Modeling Applications 2649.4.1 Oxidative Dehydrogenation of n-Butane in a Porous Membrane Reactor 2649.4.2 Coupled Dehydrogenation and Hydrogenation Reactions in a Pd/Ag Membrane Reactor 2659.4.3 POM in a Dense Ceramic Oxygen-Permeable Membrane Reactor 2689.5 Concluding Remarks 274Notation 275References 277Index 279