Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.S. K. Shukla is currently an Assistant Professor in the Polymer Science Department, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, India. He earned his MSc and PhD degrees in chemistry from the Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, India. He has published more than fifty papers and is the author of seven book chapters. He is the recipient of the International Association of Advanced Materials Scientist Award for his contribution in the area of electronic carbon materials and technology.

• Preface xiii Part 1 Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes 11 Synthesis, Characterization and Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene: A Glimpse of Their Application 3Mahe Talat and O.N. Srivastava1.1 Introduction 41.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes 51.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene 111.4 Methods Used in Our Lab: CVD, Thermal Exfoliation, Arc Discharge and Chemical Reduction 141.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 191.6 Applications 241.7 Conclusion 29Acknowledgements 29References 302 Surface Modification of Graphene 35Tapas Kuila, Priyabrata Banerjee and Naresh Chandra Murmu2.1 Introduction 362.2 Surface-Modified Graphene from GO 392.3 Application of Surface-Modified Graphene 702.4 Conclusions and Future Directions of Research 75Acknowledgement 77References 773 Graphene and Carbon Nanotube-based Electrochemical Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 87G. Alarcon-Angeles, G.A. Álvarez-Romero and A. Merkoçi3.1 Introduction 883.2 Applications of Electrochemical Biosensors 973.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 121References 1214 Catalytic Application of Carbon-based Nanostructured Materials on Hydrogen Sorption Behavior of Light Metal Hydrides 129Rohit R Shahi and O.N. Srivastava4.1 Introduction 1304.2 Different Carbon Allotropes 1334.3 Carbon Nanomaterials as Catalyst for Different Storage Materials 1354.4 Key Results with MgH2, NaAlH4 and Li-Mg-N-H Systems 1374.5 Summary 164Acknowledgements 165References 1655 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications 173Mohan Raja and J. Subha5.1 Introduction 1735.2 Carbon Nanotubes Structure 1745.3 Carbon Nanotube Physical Properties 1765.4 Carbon Nanotube Synthesis and Processing 1775.5 Carbon Nanotube Surface Modification 1785.6 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 1795.7 Conclusion 187References 1876 Bioimpact of Carbon Nanomaterials 193A. Djordjevic, R. Injac, D. Jovic, J. Mrdjanovic and M. Seke6.1 Biologically Active Fullerene Derivatives 1946.2 Biologically Active Graphene Materials 2196.3 Bioimpact of Carbon Nanotubes 2306.4 Genotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials 2386.5 Ecotoxicological Effects of Carbon Nanomaterials 247References 251Part 2 Composite Materials 2737 Advanced Optical Materials Modified with Carbon Nano-Objects 275Natalia V. Kamanina7.1 Introduction 2757.2 Photorefractive Features of the Organic Materials with Carbon Nanoparticles 2797.3 Homeotropic Alignment of the Nematic Liquid Crystals Using Carbon Nanotubes 2977.4 Thin Film Polarization Elements and Their Nanostructurization via CNTs 3037.5 Spectral and Mechanical Properties of the Inorganic Materials via CNTs Application 3077.6 Conclusion 310Acknowledgments 311References 3128 Covalent and Non-Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 317Tawfi k A. Saleh and Vinod K. Gupta8.1 Introduction 3178.2 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 3188.3 Covalent Functionalization 3188.4 Non-Covalent Functionalization 3208.5 Functionalization of CNT with Nanoparticles 3208.6 Conclusion 326Acknowledgment 327References 3279 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes 331Praveennath G. Koppad, Vikas Kumar Singh, C.S. Ramesh, Ravikiran G. Koppad and K.T. Kashyap9.1 Introduction 3329.2 Carbon Nanotubes 3339.3 Processing and Microstructural Characterization of Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3389.4 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3539.5 Strengthening Mechanisms 3619.6 Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3639.7 Tribological Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3669.8 Challenges 3689.9 Concluding Remarks 371References 371Part 3 Fly Ash Engineering and Cryogels 37710 Aluminum/Fly Ash Syntactic Foams: Synthesis, Microstructure and Properties 379Dung D. Luong, Nikhil Gupta and Pradeep K. Rohatgi10.1 Introduction 38010.2 Hollow Particles 38210.3 Synthesis Methods 38810.4 Microstructure of Aluminum/Fly Ash Composites 39310.5 Properties of Aluminum/Fly Ash Syntactic Foams 39810.6 Applications 40910.7 Conclusion 411Acknowledgments 412References 41211 Engineering Behavior of Ash Fills 419Ashutosh Trivedi11.1 Background 42011.2 Engineering Evaluation of Cemented Ash Fill 43911.3 Problems of Uncemented Ash Fill 44611.4 Ash as a Structural Fill 45311.5 Conclusions 470Salutations, Acknowledgement and Disclaimer 470References 47112 Carbon-Doped Cryogel Thin Films Derived from Resorcinol Formaldehyde 475Z. Markoviæ, D. Kleut, B. Babiæ, I. Holclajtner-Antunoviæ , V. Pavlovicæ and B. Todoroviæ-Markoviæ12.1 Introduction 47612.2 Experimental Procedure 47612.3 Results and Discussion 47712.4 Conclusion 483Acknowledgements 484References 484Index 487

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.S. K. Shukla is currently an Assistant Professor in the Polymer Science Department, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, India. He earned his MSc and PhD degrees in chemistry from the Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, India. He has published more than fifty papers and is the author of seven book chapters. He is the recipient of the International Association of Advanced Materials Scientist Award for his contribution in the area of electronic carbon materials and technology.

• Preface xiii Part 1 Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes 11 Synthesis, Characterization and Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene: A Glimpse of Their Application 3Mahe Talat and O.N. Srivastava1.1 Introduction 41.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes 51.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene 111.4 Methods Used in Our Lab: CVD, Thermal Exfoliation, Arc Discharge and Chemical Reduction 141.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 191.6 Applications 241.7 Conclusion 29Acknowledgements 29References 302 Surface Modification of Graphene 35Tapas Kuila, Priyabrata Banerjee and Naresh Chandra Murmu2.1 Introduction 362.2 Surface-Modified Graphene from GO 392.3 Application of Surface-Modified Graphene 702.4 Conclusions and Future Directions of Research 75Acknowledgement 77References 773 Graphene and Carbon Nanotube-based Electrochemical Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 87G. Alarcon-Angeles, G.A. Álvarez-Romero and A. Merkoçi3.1 Introduction 883.2 Applications of Electrochemical Biosensors 973.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 121References 1214 Catalytic Application of Carbon-based Nanostructured Materials on Hydrogen Sorption Behavior of Light Metal Hydrides 129Rohit R Shahi and O.N. Srivastava4.1 Introduction 1304.2 Different Carbon Allotropes 1334.3 Carbon Nanomaterials as Catalyst for Different Storage Materials 1354.4 Key Results with MgH2, NaAlH4 and Li-Mg-N-H Systems 1374.5 Summary 164Acknowledgements 165References 1655 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications 173Mohan Raja and J. Subha5.1 Introduction 1735.2 Carbon Nanotubes Structure 1745.3 Carbon Nanotube Physical Properties 1765.4 Carbon Nanotube Synthesis and Processing 1775.5 Carbon Nanotube Surface Modification 1785.6 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 1795.7 Conclusion 187References 1876 Bioimpact of Carbon Nanomaterials 193A. Djordjevic, R. Injac, D. Jovic, J. Mrdjanovic and M. Seke6.1 Biologically Active Fullerene Derivatives 1946.2 Biologically Active Graphene Materials 2196.3 Bioimpact of Carbon Nanotubes 2306.4 Genotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials 2386.5 Ecotoxicological Effects of Carbon Nanomaterials 247References 251Part 2 Composite Materials 2737 Advanced Optical Materials Modified with Carbon Nano-Objects 275Natalia V. Kamanina7.1 Introduction 2757.2 Photorefractive Features of the Organic Materials with Carbon Nanoparticles 2797.3 Homeotropic Alignment of the Nematic Liquid Crystals Using Carbon Nanotubes 2977.4 Thin Film Polarization Elements and Their Nanostructurization via CNTs 3037.5 Spectral and Mechanical Properties of the Inorganic Materials via CNTs Application 3077.6 Conclusion 310Acknowledgments 311References 3128 Covalent and Non-Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 317Tawfi k A. Saleh and Vinod K. Gupta8.1 Introduction 3178.2 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 3188.3 Covalent Functionalization 3188.4 Non-Covalent Functionalization 3208.5 Functionalization of CNT with Nanoparticles 3208.6 Conclusion 326Acknowledgment 327References 3279 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes 331Praveennath G. Koppad, Vikas Kumar Singh, C.S. Ramesh, Ravikiran G. Koppad and K.T. Kashyap9.1 Introduction 3329.2 Carbon Nanotubes 3339.3 Processing and Microstructural Characterization of Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3389.4 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3539.5 Strengthening Mechanisms 3619.6 Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3639.7 Tribological Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3669.8 Challenges 3689.9 Concluding Remarks 371References 371Part 3 Fly Ash Engineering and Cryogels 37710 Aluminum/Fly Ash Syntactic Foams: Synthesis, Microstructure and Properties 379Dung D. Luong, Nikhil Gupta and Pradeep K. Rohatgi10.1 Introduction 38010.2 Hollow Particles 38210.3 Synthesis Methods 38810.4 Microstructure of Aluminum/Fly Ash Composites 39310.5 Properties of Aluminum/Fly Ash Syntactic Foams 39810.6 Applications 40910.7 Conclusion 411Acknowledgments 412References 41211 Engineering Behavior of Ash Fills 419Ashutosh Trivedi11.1 Background 42011.2 Engineering Evaluation of Cemented Ash Fill 43911.3 Problems of Uncemented Ash Fill 44611.4 Ash as a Structural Fill 45311.5 Conclusions 470Salutations, Acknowledgement and Disclaimer 470References 47112 Carbon-Doped Cryogel Thin Films Derived from Resorcinol Formaldehyde 475Z. Markoviæ, D. Kleut, B. Babiæ, I. Holclajtner-Antunoviæ , V. Pavlovicæ and B. Todoroviæ-Markoviæ12.1 Introduction 47612.2 Experimental Procedure 47612.3 Results and Discussion 47712.4 Conclusion 483Acknowledgements 484References 484Index 487

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.S. K. Shukla is currently an Assistant Professor in the Polymer Science Department, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, India. He earned his MSc and PhD degrees in chemistry from the Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, India. He has published more than fifty papers and is the author of seven book chapters. He is the recipient of the International Association of Advanced Materials Scientist Award for his contribution in the area of electronic carbon materials and technology.

• Preface xiii Part 1 Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes 11 Synthesis, Characterization and Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene: A Glimpse of Their Application 3Mahe Talat and O.N. Srivastava1.1 Introduction 41.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes 51.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene 111.4 Methods Used in Our Lab: CVD, Thermal Exfoliation, Arc Discharge and Chemical Reduction 141.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 191.6 Applications 241.7 Conclusion 29Acknowledgements 29References 302 Surface Modification of Graphene 35Tapas Kuila, Priyabrata Banerjee and Naresh Chandra Murmu2.1 Introduction 362.2 Surface-Modified Graphene from GO 392.3 Application of Surface-Modified Graphene 702.4 Conclusions and Future Directions of Research 75Acknowledgement 77References 773 Graphene and Carbon Nanotube-based Electrochemical Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 87G. Alarcon-Angeles, G.A. Álvarez-Romero and A. Merkoçi3.1 Introduction 883.2 Applications of Electrochemical Biosensors 973.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 121References 1214 Catalytic Application of Carbon-based Nanostructured Materials on Hydrogen Sorption Behavior of Light Metal Hydrides 129Rohit R Shahi and O.N. Srivastava4.1 Introduction 1304.2 Different Carbon Allotropes 1334.3 Carbon Nanomaterials as Catalyst for Different Storage Materials 1354.4 Key Results with MgH2, NaAlH4 and Li-Mg-N-H Systems 1374.5 Summary 164Acknowledgements 165References 1655 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications 173Mohan Raja and J. Subha5.1 Introduction 1735.2 Carbon Nanotubes Structure 1745.3 Carbon Nanotube Physical Properties 1765.4 Carbon Nanotube Synthesis and Processing 1775.5 Carbon Nanotube Surface Modification 1785.6 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 1795.7 Conclusion 187References 1876 Bioimpact of Carbon Nanomaterials 193A. Djordjevic, R. Injac, D. Jovic, J. Mrdjanovic and M. Seke6.1 Biologically Active Fullerene Derivatives 1946.2 Biologically Active Graphene Materials 2196.3 Bioimpact of Carbon Nanotubes 2306.4 Genotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials 2386.5 Ecotoxicological Effects of Carbon Nanomaterials 247References 251Part 2 Composite Materials 2737 Advanced Optical Materials Modified with Carbon Nano-Objects 275Natalia V. Kamanina7.1 Introduction 2757.2 Photorefractive Features of the Organic Materials with Carbon Nanoparticles 2797.3 Homeotropic Alignment of the Nematic Liquid Crystals Using Carbon Nanotubes 2977.4 Thin Film Polarization Elements and Their Nanostructurization via CNTs 3037.5 Spectral and Mechanical Properties of the Inorganic Materials via CNTs Application 3077.6 Conclusion 310Acknowledgments 311References 3128 Covalent and Non-Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 317Tawfi k A. Saleh and Vinod K. Gupta8.1 Introduction 3178.2 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 3188.3 Covalent Functionalization 3188.4 Non-Covalent Functionalization 3208.5 Functionalization of CNT with Nanoparticles 3208.6 Conclusion 326Acknowledgment 327References 3279 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes 331Praveennath G. Koppad, Vikas Kumar Singh, C.S. Ramesh, Ravikiran G. Koppad and K.T. Kashyap9.1 Introduction 3329.2 Carbon Nanotubes 3339.3 Processing and Microstructural Characterization of Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3389.4 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3539.5 Strengthening Mechanisms 3619.6 Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3639.7 Tribological Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 3669.8 Challenges 3689.9 Concluding Remarks 371References 371Part 3 Fly Ash Engineering and Cryogels 37710 Aluminum/Fly Ash Syntactic Foams: Synthesis, Microstructure and Properties 379Dung D. Luong, Nikhil Gupta and Pradeep K. Rohatgi10.1 Introduction 38010.2 Hollow Particles 38210.3 Synthesis Methods 38810.4 Microstructure of Aluminum/Fly Ash Composites 39310.5 Properties of Aluminum/Fly Ash Syntactic Foams 39810.6 Applications 40910.7 Conclusion 411Acknowledgments 412References 41211 Engineering Behavior of Ash Fills 419Ashutosh Trivedi11.1 Background 42011.2 Engineering Evaluation of Cemented Ash Fill 43911.3 Problems of Uncemented Ash Fill 44611.4 Ash as a Structural Fill 45311.5 Conclusions 470Salutations, Acknowledgement and Disclaimer 470References 47112 Carbon-Doped Cryogel Thin Films Derived from Resorcinol Formaldehyde 475Z. Markoviæ, D. Kleut, B. Babiæ, I. Holclajtner-Antunoviæ , V. Pavlovicæ and B. Todoroviæ-Markoviæ12.1 Introduction 47612.2 Experimental Procedure 47612.3 Results and Discussion 47712.4 Conclusion 483Acknowledgements 484References 484Index 487