Integrated Membrane Systems and Processes

Angelo Basile is a senior researcher at the Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR). His research is focussed onultra-pure hydrogen production and CO2 capture using inorganic membrane reactors as well as on the polymeric membranes (preparation and characterization) to be used for gas separation. Angelo has published more than 100 papers in the field of membrane technology,  has written over 50 book chapters and edited or co-edited 8 books. He is also Associate Editor for the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy for Elsevier.Catherine Charcosset is Research Director at the Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, part of the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), based at the University of Lyon, France. Her research includes work on the characterization of membranes by confocal microscopy, ultrafiltration and microfiltration, membrane chromatography, preparation of emulsions and particles, and membrane crystallization for biotechnological, pharmaceutical and environmental applications. Catherine has published extensively in these fields especially filtration and membrane chromatography, both as articles and book chapters.

• List of Contributors ix Preface xi1 Ultrafiltration, Microfiltration, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis in Integrated Membrane Processes 1Catherine Charcosset1.1 Introduction 11.2 Membrane Processes 21.2.1 Ultrafiltration, Microfiltration and Nanofiltration 21.2.2 Reverse Osmosis 31.2.3 Membrane Distillation 31.2.4 Electrodialysis 41.2.5 Membrane Bioreactors 51.3 Combination of Various Membrane Processes 61.3.1 Pressure-Driven Separation Processes 61.3.2 Membrane Distillation and Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes 121.3.3 Electrodialysis and Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes 131.3.4 Membrane Bioreactors and Pressure-Driven Separation Processes 141.3.5 Other Processes and Pressure-Driven Separation Processes 151.4 Conclusion 17List of Abbreviations 18References 182 Bioseparations Using Integrated Membrane Processes 23Raja Ghosh2.1 Introduction 232.2 Integrated Bioseparation Processes Involving Microfiltration 242.3 Integrated Bioseparation Processes Involving Ultrafiltration 282.4 Conclusion 31References 323 Integrated Membrane Processes in the Food Industry 35Alfredo Cassano3.1 Introduction 353.2 Fruit Juice Processing 363.2.1 Fruit Juice Clarification 363.2.2 Fruit Juice Concentration 383.2.3 Integrated Systems in Fruit Juice Processing 403.3 Milk and Whey Processing 483.3.1 Integrated Systems in Milk Processing 483.3.2 Integrated Systems in Cheesemaking 513.3.3 Integrated Systems in Whey Processing 523.4 Conclusions 54List of Abbreviations 54References 554 Continuous Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass via Integrated Membrane Processes 61Mohammadmahdi Malmali and S. Ranil Wickramasinghe4.1 Introduction 614.2 Continuous Enzymatic Hydrolysis 634.3 Integrated Submerged Membrane System 654.4 Sugar Concentration 664.5 Sugar Concentration and Hydrolysate Detoxification by Nanofiltration 684.6 Statistical Design of Experiments 694.7 Analysis of Variance using Response Surface Methodology 694.8 Future Challenges 744.9 Conclusion 75Acknowledgements 75List of Abbreviations 75List of Symbols 75References 765 Integrated Membrane Processes for the Preparation of Emulsions, Particles and Bubbles 79Goran T. Vladisavljevi´c5.1 Introduction 795.1.1 Membrane Dispersion Processes 805.1.2 Membrane Treatment of Dispersions 815.1.3 Comparison of Membrane and Microfluidic Drop Generation Processes 825.1.4 Comparison of Membrane and Conventional Homogenisation Processes 835.2 Membranes for Preparation of Emulsions and Particles 845.2.1 SPG Membrane 845.2.2 Microengineered Membranes 905.3 Production of Emulsions Using SPG Membrane 925.4 Production of Emulsions Using Microengineered Membranes 965.5 Factors Affecting Droplet Size in DME 985.5.1 Effect of Transmembrane Pressure and Flux 995.5.2 Influence of Pore (Channel) Size and Shear Stress on the Membrane Surface 1015.5.3 Influence of Surfactant 1015.6 Factors Affecting Droplet Size in PME 1035.7 Integration of ME with Solid/Semi-Solid Particle Fabrication 1045.7.1 Integration of ME and Crosslinking of Gel-forming Polymers 1045.7.2 Integration of ME and Melt Solidification 1145.7.3 Integration of ME and Polymerisation 1155.7.4 Integration of ME and Solvent Evaporation/Extraction 1185.8 Integration of Membrane Permeation and Gas Dispersion 1205.9 Integration of Membrane Micromixing and Nanoprecipitation 1215.10 Conclusions 123List of Acronyms 123Symbols 124Subscripts 126References 1266 Nanofiltration in Integrated Membrane Processes 141Bart Van der Bruggen6.1 Introduction 1416.2 Pretreatment for Nanofiltration 1446.3 Nanofiltration as a Pretreatment Method 1466.4 Processes in Series 1486.5 Integrated Processes 1506.6 Hybrid Processes 1536.7 Nanofiltration Cascades 1566.8 Conclusions 158List of Abbreviations 159References 1597 Seawater, Brackish Waters, and Natural Waters Treatment with Hybrid Membrane Processes 165Maxime Ponti´e and Catherine Charcosset7.1 Introduction 1657.2 Desalination Market 1667.2.1 Growth of Desalination Capacity Worldwide 1667.2.2 Desalination Technologies 1677.3 Seawater and Brackish Waters Composition 1687.3.1 Seawater Composition 1687.3.2 Brackish Water versus Seawater 1687.3.3 Product Water Specification 1707.4 Desalination with Integrated Membrane Processes 1707.4.1 MF/UF–RO 1707.4.2 NF versus RO 1727.4.3 NF–RO 1747.5 Natural Water Treatment Using Hybrid Membrane Processes 1767.5.1 Natural Organic Matter 1787.5.2 Arsenic 1837.5.3 Other Species 1867.6 Conclusion 190List of Acronyms 191References 1928 Wastewater Treatment Using Integrated Membrane Processes 197Jinsong Zhang and Anthony G. Fane8.1 Introduction 1978.2 IMS Application for Wastewater Treatment: Current Status 1988.2.1 IMS for Textile Industrial Wastewater: Target to Zero Discharge 1988.2.2 Integrated Pressure-Driven Membrane Process for Municipal Wastewater Reclamation 2008.2.3 Integrated Multiple Function Driven Membrane Process for Wastewater Reclamation 2128.3 Strategic Co-location Concept for Integrated Process Involving RO, PRO, and Wastewater Treatment 2198.4 Conclusions 221Nomenclature 221List of Greek letters 222References 2229 Membrane Reactor: An Integrated “Membrane + Reaction” System 231Angelo Basile, Adolfo Iulianelli and Simona Liguori9.1 Introduction 2319.2 Hydrogen Economy 2329.2.1 Why Membrane Reactors? 2329.3 Membrane Reactors 2359.3.1 Membrane Reactors Utilization 2369.4 Membranes for Membrane Reactors 2369.4.1 Ceramic Membranes 2379.4.2 Zeolite Membranes 2379.4.3 Carbon Membranes 2389.4.4 Metal Membranes 2389.4.5 Composite Membranes 2399.5 Mass Transport Mechanisms for Inorganic Membranes 2399.6 Applications of Inorganic Membrane Reactors 2419.6.1 Recent Advances on Hydrogen Production in MRs from Steam Reforming of Renewable Sources 2419.7 Conclusions 244List of Symbols 245List of Abbreviations 245References 24610 Membranes for IGCC Power Plants 255Kamran Ghasemzadeh, Angelo Basile, and Seyyed Mohammad Sadati Tilebon10.1 Introduction 25510.2 IGCC Technology for Power Generation 25610.3 Application of Membranes in an IGCC Power Plants 25710.3.1 Hydrogen Selective Membranes 26410.3.2 Oxygen Selective Membranes 27210.3.3 CO2 Selective Membranes 27510.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 280Abbreviations 280References 28111 Integration of a Membrane Reactor with a Fuel Cell 285Viktor Hacker, Merit Bodner, and Alexander Schenk11.1 Introduction 28511.2 Fuel Cell Basics 28611.2.1 Reaction Mechanisms 28711.2.2 Electrochemical Basics of the Fuel Cell 28911.3 Different Types of Fuel Cells 29211.3.1 Methods of Classification 29211.3.2 Fuel Cell Types 29411.4 Contaminations of the PEFC 29511.4.1 Anode Gas Stream 29511.4.2 Cathode Gas Stream 29711.4.3 Contaminations of Components 29811.5 Methods to Avoid Poisoning 29811.5.1 Increasing the Fuel Cell Tolerance towards Contaminations 29911.5.2 Avoiding Contaminations 30011.6 Conclusion 302List of Abbreviations 302List of Symbols 302References 30312 Solar Membrane Reactor 307Kamran Ghasemzadeh, Angelo Basile, and Abbas Aghaeinejad-Meybodi12.1 Introduction 30712.2 Configurations of Solar MR Systems 30812.2.1 Solar MRs for Water and Wastewater Treatment 30912.2.2 Solar MRs for Hydrogen Production 31212.3 Solar MRs Application from a Modeling Point of View 31912.3.1 Water Decomposition Literature 31912.3.2 Steam Reforming Literature 32012.4 Solar MRs Application from an Experimental Point of View 32212.4.1 Water Decomposition Literature 32212.4.2 Water Electrolysis Literature 32912.4.3 Steam Reforming Literature 33112.5 The Main Challenges 33412.6 Conclusion and Future Trends 335List of Abbreviations 335References 33613 Membrane-Adsorption Integrated Systems/Processes 343Sayed S. Madaeni and Ehsan Salehi13.1 Introduction 34313.2 Adsorption Pretreatment for Membranes 34513.3 Integrated Membrane-Adsorption Systems 34713.3.1 LPM-Adsorption Integration 34813.3.2 Membrane-Adsorption Bioreactors 35213.3.3 MABR Operating Conditions 35413.3.4 MABR Applications 35513.4 Membrane Adsorbents 35613.4.1 Protein-Adsorbent Membranes 35713.4.2 Metal-Adsorbent Membranes 35813.4.3 Imprinted-Membrane Adsorbents 36013.4.4 Thin Membrane Adsorbents 36213.4.5 Modeling Aspects 36213.4.6 Regeneration and Reuse 36513.5 Adsorption Post-treatment for Membranes 366References 367Index 375