K. T. CHAU, University of Hong Kong

• Preface xiiiOrganization of This Book xvAcknowledgments xviiAbout the Author xix1 Introduction 11.1 What Is an Electric Vehicle? 11.2 Overview of EV Challenges 31.2.1 Pure Electric Vehicle 41.2.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 41.2.3 Gridable Hybrid Electric Vehicle 51.2.4 Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicle 51.3 Overview of EV Technologies 61.3.1 Motor Drive Technology 61.3.2 Energy Source Technology 91.3.3 Battery Charging Technology 111.3.4 Vehicle-to-Grid Technology 14References 162 dc Motor Drives 192.1 System Configurations 192.2 dc Machines 202.2.1 Structure of DC Machines 202.2.2 Principle of DC Machines 222.2.3 Modeling of DC Machines 222.3 DC–DC Converters 242.3.1 DC–DC Converter Topologies 242.3.2 Soft-Switching DC–DC Converter Topologies 272.4 dc Motor Control 282.4.1 Speed Control 292.4.2 Regenerative Braking 312.5 Design Criteria of DC Motor Drives for EVs 332.6 Design Example for EVs 342.7 Application Examples of DC Motor Drives in EVs 352.8 Fading Technology for EVs? 38References 383 Induction Motor Drives 393.1 System Configurations 393.2 Induction Machines 403.2.1 Structure of Induction Machines 413.2.2 Principle of Induction Machines 423.2.3 Modeling of Induction Machines 443.3 Inverters for Induction Motors 463.3.1 PWM Switching Inverters 473.3.2 Soft-Switching Inverters 503.4 Induction Motor Control 513.4.1 Variable-Voltage Variable-Frequency Control 513.4.2 Field-Oriented Control 533.4.3 Direct Torque Control 573.5 Design Criteria of Induction Motor Drives for EVs 613.6 Design Example of Induction Motor Drives for EVs 643.7 Application Examples of Induction Motor Drives in EVs 673.8 Matured Technology for EVs? 67References 684 Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor Drives 694.1 PM Materials 694.2 System Configurations 704.3 PM Brushless Machines 724.3.1 Structure of PM Brushless Machines 724.3.2 Principle of PM Brushless Machines 754.3.3 Modeling of PM Brushless Machines 784.4 Inverters for PM Brushless Motors 824.4.1 Inverter Requirements 824.4.2 Switching Schemes for Brushless AC Operation 834.4.3 Switching Schemes for Brushless DC Operation 844.5 PM Brushless Motor Control 874.5.1 PM Synchronous Motor Control 874.5.2 PM Brushless DC Motor Control 914.6 Design Criteria of PM Brushless Motor Drives for EVs 934.7 Design Examples of PM Brushless Motor Drives for EVs 964.7.1 Planetary-Geared PM Synchronous Motor Drive 964.7.2 Outer-Rotor PM Brushless DC Motor Drive 1004.8 Application Examples of PM Brushless Motor Drives in EVs 1034.9 Preferred Technology for EVs? 104References 1065 Switched Reluctance Motor Drives 1085.1 System Configurations 1085.2 SR Machines 1105.2.1 Structure of SR Machines 1105.2.2 Principle of SR Machines 1125.2.3 Modeling of SR Machines 1155.3 SR Converters 1175.3.1 SR Converter Topologies 1185.3.2 Soft-Switching SR Converter Topologies 1195.3.3 Comparison of SR Converters for EVs 1235.4 SR Motor Control 1245.4.1 Speed Control 1245.4.2 Torque-Ripple Minimization Control 1265.4.3 Position Sensorless Control 1285.5 Design Criteria of SR Motor Drives for EVs 1315.5.1 Machine Initialization 1325.5.2 Suppression of Acoustic Noise 1365.6 Examples of SR Motor Drives for EVs 1375.6.1 Planetary-Geared SR Motor Drive 1375.6.2 Outer-Rotor In-Wheel SR Motor Drive 1415.7 Application Examples of SR Motor Drives in EVs 1445.8 Maturing Technology for EVs? 144References 1456 Stator-Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 1476.1 Stator-PM versus Rotor-PM 1476.2 System Configurations 1486.3 Doubly-Salient PM Motor Drives 1496.4 Flux-Reversal PM Motor Drives 1576.5 Flux-Switching PM Motor Drives 1606.6 Hybrid-Excited PM Motor Drives 1616.7 Flux-Mnemonic PM Motor Drives 1656.8 Design Criteria of Stator-PM Motor Drives for EVs 1736.9 Design Examples of Stator-PM Motor Drives for EVs 1776.9.1 Outer-Rotor Hybrid-Excited DSPM Motor Drive 1776.9.2 Outer-Rotor Flux-Mnemonic DSPM Motor Drive 1816.10 Potential Applications of Stator-PM Motor Drives in EVs 192References 1947 Magnetic-Geared Motor Drives 1957.1 System Configurations 1957.2 Magnetic Gears 1977.2.1 Converted Magnetic Gears 1987.2.2 Field-Modulated Magnetic Gears 2007.3 MG Machines 2037.3.1 Principle of MG Machines 2057.3.2 Modeling of MG Machines 2117.4 Inverters for MG Motors 2117.5 MG Motor Control 2127.6 Design Criteria of MG Motor Drives for EVs 2137.7 Design Examples of MG Motor Drives for EVs 2157.7.1 MG PM Brushless DC In-Wheel Motor Drive 2157.7.2 MG PM Brushless AC In-Wheel Motor Drive 2187.8 Potential Applications of MG Motor Drives in EVs 224References 2258 Vernier Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 2278.1 System Configurations 2278.2 Vernier PM Machines 2288.2.1 Vernier PM versus Magnetic-Geared PM 2288.2.2 Structure of Vernier PM Machines 2298.2.3 Principle of Vernier PM Machines 2348.2.4 Modeling of Vernier PM Machines 2378.3 Inverters for Vernier PM Motors 2388.4 Vernier PM Motor Control 2398.5 Design Criteria of Vernier PM Motor Drives for EVs 2408.6 Design Examples of Vernier PM Motor Drives for EVs 2428.6.1 Outer-Rotor Vernier PM Motor Drive 2428.6.2 Outer-Rotor Flux-Controllable Vernier PM Motor Drive 2458.7 Potential Applications of Vernier PM Motor Drives in EVs 251References 2519 Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives 2539.1 What Is Advanced Magnetless? 2539.2 System Configurations 2549.3 Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives 2559.4 Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drives 2579.5 Flux-Switching DC Motor Drives 2609.6 Vernier Reluctance Motor Drives 2649.7 Doubly-Fed Vernier Reluctance Motor Drives 2669.8 Axial-Flux Magnetless Motor Drives 2699.9 Design Criteria of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives for EVs 2729.10 Design Examples of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives for EVs 2729.10.1 Multi-tooth Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drive 2729.10.2 Multi-tooth Flux-Switching DC Motor Drive 2749.10.3 Axial-Flux Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drive 2769.10.4 Axial-Flux Flux-Switching DC Motor Drive 2839.11 Potential Applications of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives in EVs 288References 28910 Integrated-Starter-Generator Systems 29110.1 Classification of HEVs 29110.2 ISG System Configurations 29510.3 ISG Machines 29610.4 ISG Operations 29810.4.1 Cranking 29810.4.2 Electricity Generation 29810.4.3 Idle Stop-Start 29810.4.4 Regenerative Braking 29910.4.5 Power Assistance 30010.5 Design Criteria of ISG Systems 30010.6 Design Examples of ISG Systems 30110.6.1 Double-Stator PM Synchronous Machine-Based ISG System 30110.6.2 Hybrid-Excited Doubly-Salient PM Machine-Based ISG System 30310.7 Application Examples of ISG Systems in HEVs 31210.8 Matured Technology for HEVs? 313References 31311 Planetary-Geared Electric Variable Transmission Systems 31511.1 System Configurations 31511.2 Planetary Gears 31611.3 Input-Split PG EVT Systems 31911.3.1 Toyota Hybrid System 31911.3.2 Ford Hybrid System 32411.4 Compound-Split PG EVT Systems 32611.4.1 GM Two-Mode Hybrid System 32711.4.2 Renault Hybrid System 33111.4.3 Timken Hybrid System 33211.5 Design Criteria of PG EVT Systems 33311.6 Design Example of PG EVT Systems 33411.6.1 PM Synchronous PG EVT System Configuration 33411.6.2 PM Synchronous Machine Design 33511.6.3 PM Synchronous Machine Analysis 33611.7 Application Examples of PG EVT Systems in HEVs 33911.8 Matured Technology for HEVs? 341References 34212 Double-Rotor Electric Variable Transmission Systems 34312.1 System Configurations 34312.2 Double-Rotor Machines 34512.2.1 Multi-port Machine Concept 34512.2.2 DR Machine Structure 34612.3 Basic Double-Rotor EVT Systems 34712.3.1 DR EVT Structure 34712.3.2 DR EVT Modeling 34912.3.3 DR EVT Operation 35012.4 Advanced Double-Rotor EVT Systems 35112.4.1 PM DR EVT System 35312.4.2 SR DR EVT System 35412.4.3 Axial-Flux DR EVT System 35612.4.4 Advanced Magnetless DR EVT System 35712.5 Design Criteria of DR EVT Systems 35912.6 Design Example of DR EVT Systems 35912.6.1 DSDC DR EVT System Configuration 36012.6.2 DSDC DR Machine Design 36012.6.3 DSDC DR Machine Analysis 36012.7 Potential Applications of DR EVT Systems in HEVs 364References 36513 Magnetic-Geared Electric Variable Transmission Systems 36713.1 System Configurations 36713.2 Multi-port Magnetic Gears 36913.2.1 Magnetic Planetary Gears 36913.2.2 Magnetic Concentric Gears 37113.3 Magnetic Planetary-Geared EVT System 37313.4 Magnetic Concentric-Geared EVT System 37513.5 Design Criteria of MG EVT Systems 38013.6 Design Example of MG EVT Systems 38213.6.1 MCG EVT System Configuration 38213.6.2 Integrated MCG Machine Design 38413.6.3 Integrated MCG Machine Analysis 38613.7 Potential Applications of MG EVT Systems in HEVs 392References 392Index 393

K. T. CHAU, University of Hong Kong

• Preface xiiiOrganization of This Book xvAcknowledgments xviiAbout the Author xix1 Introduction 11.1 What Is an Electric Vehicle? 11.2 Overview of EV Challenges 31.2.1 Pure Electric Vehicle 41.2.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 41.2.3 Gridable Hybrid Electric Vehicle 51.2.4 Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicle 51.3 Overview of EV Technologies 61.3.1 Motor Drive Technology 61.3.2 Energy Source Technology 91.3.3 Battery Charging Technology 111.3.4 Vehicle-to-Grid Technology 14References 162 dc Motor Drives 192.1 System Configurations 192.2 dc Machines 202.2.1 Structure of DC Machines 202.2.2 Principle of DC Machines 222.2.3 Modeling of DC Machines 222.3 DC–DC Converters 242.3.1 DC–DC Converter Topologies 242.3.2 Soft-Switching DC–DC Converter Topologies 272.4 dc Motor Control 282.4.1 Speed Control 292.4.2 Regenerative Braking 312.5 Design Criteria of DC Motor Drives for EVs 332.6 Design Example for EVs 342.7 Application Examples of DC Motor Drives in EVs 352.8 Fading Technology for EVs? 38References 383 Induction Motor Drives 393.1 System Configurations 393.2 Induction Machines 403.2.1 Structure of Induction Machines 413.2.2 Principle of Induction Machines 423.2.3 Modeling of Induction Machines 443.3 Inverters for Induction Motors 463.3.1 PWM Switching Inverters 473.3.2 Soft-Switching Inverters 503.4 Induction Motor Control 513.4.1 Variable-Voltage Variable-Frequency Control 513.4.2 Field-Oriented Control 533.4.3 Direct Torque Control 573.5 Design Criteria of Induction Motor Drives for EVs 613.6 Design Example of Induction Motor Drives for EVs 643.7 Application Examples of Induction Motor Drives in EVs 673.8 Matured Technology for EVs? 67References 684 Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor Drives 694.1 PM Materials 694.2 System Configurations 704.3 PM Brushless Machines 724.3.1 Structure of PM Brushless Machines 724.3.2 Principle of PM Brushless Machines 754.3.3 Modeling of PM Brushless Machines 784.4 Inverters for PM Brushless Motors 824.4.1 Inverter Requirements 824.4.2 Switching Schemes for Brushless AC Operation 834.4.3 Switching Schemes for Brushless DC Operation 844.5 PM Brushless Motor Control 874.5.1 PM Synchronous Motor Control 874.5.2 PM Brushless DC Motor Control 914.6 Design Criteria of PM Brushless Motor Drives for EVs 934.7 Design Examples of PM Brushless Motor Drives for EVs 964.7.1 Planetary-Geared PM Synchronous Motor Drive 964.7.2 Outer-Rotor PM Brushless DC Motor Drive 1004.8 Application Examples of PM Brushless Motor Drives in EVs 1034.9 Preferred Technology for EVs? 104References 1065 Switched Reluctance Motor Drives 1085.1 System Configurations 1085.2 SR Machines 1105.2.1 Structure of SR Machines 1105.2.2 Principle of SR Machines 1125.2.3 Modeling of SR Machines 1155.3 SR Converters 1175.3.1 SR Converter Topologies 1185.3.2 Soft-Switching SR Converter Topologies 1195.3.3 Comparison of SR Converters for EVs 1235.4 SR Motor Control 1245.4.1 Speed Control 1245.4.2 Torque-Ripple Minimization Control 1265.4.3 Position Sensorless Control 1285.5 Design Criteria of SR Motor Drives for EVs 1315.5.1 Machine Initialization 1325.5.2 Suppression of Acoustic Noise 1365.6 Examples of SR Motor Drives for EVs 1375.6.1 Planetary-Geared SR Motor Drive 1375.6.2 Outer-Rotor In-Wheel SR Motor Drive 1415.7 Application Examples of SR Motor Drives in EVs 1445.8 Maturing Technology for EVs? 144References 1456 Stator-Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 1476.1 Stator-PM versus Rotor-PM 1476.2 System Configurations 1486.3 Doubly-Salient PM Motor Drives 1496.4 Flux-Reversal PM Motor Drives 1576.5 Flux-Switching PM Motor Drives 1606.6 Hybrid-Excited PM Motor Drives 1616.7 Flux-Mnemonic PM Motor Drives 1656.8 Design Criteria of Stator-PM Motor Drives for EVs 1736.9 Design Examples of Stator-PM Motor Drives for EVs 1776.9.1 Outer-Rotor Hybrid-Excited DSPM Motor Drive 1776.9.2 Outer-Rotor Flux-Mnemonic DSPM Motor Drive 1816.10 Potential Applications of Stator-PM Motor Drives in EVs 192References 1947 Magnetic-Geared Motor Drives 1957.1 System Configurations 1957.2 Magnetic Gears 1977.2.1 Converted Magnetic Gears 1987.2.2 Field-Modulated Magnetic Gears 2007.3 MG Machines 2037.3.1 Principle of MG Machines 2057.3.2 Modeling of MG Machines 2117.4 Inverters for MG Motors 2117.5 MG Motor Control 2127.6 Design Criteria of MG Motor Drives for EVs 2137.7 Design Examples of MG Motor Drives for EVs 2157.7.1 MG PM Brushless DC In-Wheel Motor Drive 2157.7.2 MG PM Brushless AC In-Wheel Motor Drive 2187.8 Potential Applications of MG Motor Drives in EVs 224References 2258 Vernier Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 2278.1 System Configurations 2278.2 Vernier PM Machines 2288.2.1 Vernier PM versus Magnetic-Geared PM 2288.2.2 Structure of Vernier PM Machines 2298.2.3 Principle of Vernier PM Machines 2348.2.4 Modeling of Vernier PM Machines 2378.3 Inverters for Vernier PM Motors 2388.4 Vernier PM Motor Control 2398.5 Design Criteria of Vernier PM Motor Drives for EVs 2408.6 Design Examples of Vernier PM Motor Drives for EVs 2428.6.1 Outer-Rotor Vernier PM Motor Drive 2428.6.2 Outer-Rotor Flux-Controllable Vernier PM Motor Drive 2458.7 Potential Applications of Vernier PM Motor Drives in EVs 251References 2519 Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives 2539.1 What Is Advanced Magnetless? 2539.2 System Configurations 2549.3 Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives 2559.4 Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drives 2579.5 Flux-Switching DC Motor Drives 2609.6 Vernier Reluctance Motor Drives 2649.7 Doubly-Fed Vernier Reluctance Motor Drives 2669.8 Axial-Flux Magnetless Motor Drives 2699.9 Design Criteria of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives for EVs 2729.10 Design Examples of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives for EVs 2729.10.1 Multi-tooth Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drive 2729.10.2 Multi-tooth Flux-Switching DC Motor Drive 2749.10.3 Axial-Flux Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drive 2769.10.4 Axial-Flux Flux-Switching DC Motor Drive 2839.11 Potential Applications of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives in EVs 288References 28910 Integrated-Starter-Generator Systems 29110.1 Classification of HEVs 29110.2 ISG System Configurations 29510.3 ISG Machines 29610.4 ISG Operations 29810.4.1 Cranking 29810.4.2 Electricity Generation 29810.4.3 Idle Stop-Start 29810.4.4 Regenerative Braking 29910.4.5 Power Assistance 30010.5 Design Criteria of ISG Systems 30010.6 Design Examples of ISG Systems 30110.6.1 Double-Stator PM Synchronous Machine-Based ISG System 30110.6.2 Hybrid-Excited Doubly-Salient PM Machine-Based ISG System 30310.7 Application Examples of ISG Systems in HEVs 31210.8 Matured Technology for HEVs? 313References 31311 Planetary-Geared Electric Variable Transmission Systems 31511.1 System Configurations 31511.2 Planetary Gears 31611.3 Input-Split PG EVT Systems 31911.3.1 Toyota Hybrid System 31911.3.2 Ford Hybrid System 32411.4 Compound-Split PG EVT Systems 32611.4.1 GM Two-Mode Hybrid System 32711.4.2 Renault Hybrid System 33111.4.3 Timken Hybrid System 33211.5 Design Criteria of PG EVT Systems 33311.6 Design Example of PG EVT Systems 33411.6.1 PM Synchronous PG EVT System Configuration 33411.6.2 PM Synchronous Machine Design 33511.6.3 PM Synchronous Machine Analysis 33611.7 Application Examples of PG EVT Systems in HEVs 33911.8 Matured Technology for HEVs? 341References 34212 Double-Rotor Electric Variable Transmission Systems 34312.1 System Configurations 34312.2 Double-Rotor Machines 34512.2.1 Multi-port Machine Concept 34512.2.2 DR Machine Structure 34612.3 Basic Double-Rotor EVT Systems 34712.3.1 DR EVT Structure 34712.3.2 DR EVT Modeling 34912.3.3 DR EVT Operation 35012.4 Advanced Double-Rotor EVT Systems 35112.4.1 PM DR EVT System 35312.4.2 SR DR EVT System 35412.4.3 Axial-Flux DR EVT System 35612.4.4 Advanced Magnetless DR EVT System 35712.5 Design Criteria of DR EVT Systems 35912.6 Design Example of DR EVT Systems 35912.6.1 DSDC DR EVT System Configuration 36012.6.2 DSDC DR Machine Design 36012.6.3 DSDC DR Machine Analysis 36012.7 Potential Applications of DR EVT Systems in HEVs 364References 36513 Magnetic-Geared Electric Variable Transmission Systems 36713.1 System Configurations 36713.2 Multi-port Magnetic Gears 36913.2.1 Magnetic Planetary Gears 36913.2.2 Magnetic Concentric Gears 37113.3 Magnetic Planetary-Geared EVT System 37313.4 Magnetic Concentric-Geared EVT System 37513.5 Design Criteria of MG EVT Systems 38013.6 Design Example of MG EVT Systems 38213.6.1 MCG EVT System Configuration 38213.6.2 Integrated MCG Machine Design 38413.6.3 Integrated MCG Machine Analysis 38613.7 Potential Applications of MG EVT Systems in HEVs 392References 392Index 393

K. T. CHAU, University of Hong Kong

• Preface xiiiOrganization of This Book xvAcknowledgments xviiAbout the Author xix1 Introduction 11.1 What Is an Electric Vehicle? 11.2 Overview of EV Challenges 31.2.1 Pure Electric Vehicle 41.2.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 41.2.3 Gridable Hybrid Electric Vehicle 51.2.4 Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicle 51.3 Overview of EV Technologies 61.3.1 Motor Drive Technology 61.3.2 Energy Source Technology 91.3.3 Battery Charging Technology 111.3.4 Vehicle-to-Grid Technology 14References 162 dc Motor Drives 192.1 System Configurations 192.2 dc Machines 202.2.1 Structure of DC Machines 202.2.2 Principle of DC Machines 222.2.3 Modeling of DC Machines 222.3 DC–DC Converters 242.3.1 DC–DC Converter Topologies 242.3.2 Soft-Switching DC–DC Converter Topologies 272.4 dc Motor Control 282.4.1 Speed Control 292.4.2 Regenerative Braking 312.5 Design Criteria of DC Motor Drives for EVs 332.6 Design Example for EVs 342.7 Application Examples of DC Motor Drives in EVs 352.8 Fading Technology for EVs? 38References 383 Induction Motor Drives 393.1 System Configurations 393.2 Induction Machines 403.2.1 Structure of Induction Machines 413.2.2 Principle of Induction Machines 423.2.3 Modeling of Induction Machines 443.3 Inverters for Induction Motors 463.3.1 PWM Switching Inverters 473.3.2 Soft-Switching Inverters 503.4 Induction Motor Control 513.4.1 Variable-Voltage Variable-Frequency Control 513.4.2 Field-Oriented Control 533.4.3 Direct Torque Control 573.5 Design Criteria of Induction Motor Drives for EVs 613.6 Design Example of Induction Motor Drives for EVs 643.7 Application Examples of Induction Motor Drives in EVs 673.8 Matured Technology for EVs? 67References 684 Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor Drives 694.1 PM Materials 694.2 System Configurations 704.3 PM Brushless Machines 724.3.1 Structure of PM Brushless Machines 724.3.2 Principle of PM Brushless Machines 754.3.3 Modeling of PM Brushless Machines 784.4 Inverters for PM Brushless Motors 824.4.1 Inverter Requirements 824.4.2 Switching Schemes for Brushless AC Operation 834.4.3 Switching Schemes for Brushless DC Operation 844.5 PM Brushless Motor Control 874.5.1 PM Synchronous Motor Control 874.5.2 PM Brushless DC Motor Control 914.6 Design Criteria of PM Brushless Motor Drives for EVs 934.7 Design Examples of PM Brushless Motor Drives for EVs 964.7.1 Planetary-Geared PM Synchronous Motor Drive 964.7.2 Outer-Rotor PM Brushless DC Motor Drive 1004.8 Application Examples of PM Brushless Motor Drives in EVs 1034.9 Preferred Technology for EVs? 104References 1065 Switched Reluctance Motor Drives 1085.1 System Configurations 1085.2 SR Machines 1105.2.1 Structure of SR Machines 1105.2.2 Principle of SR Machines 1125.2.3 Modeling of SR Machines 1155.3 SR Converters 1175.3.1 SR Converter Topologies 1185.3.2 Soft-Switching SR Converter Topologies 1195.3.3 Comparison of SR Converters for EVs 1235.4 SR Motor Control 1245.4.1 Speed Control 1245.4.2 Torque-Ripple Minimization Control 1265.4.3 Position Sensorless Control 1285.5 Design Criteria of SR Motor Drives for EVs 1315.5.1 Machine Initialization 1325.5.2 Suppression of Acoustic Noise 1365.6 Examples of SR Motor Drives for EVs 1375.6.1 Planetary-Geared SR Motor Drive 1375.6.2 Outer-Rotor In-Wheel SR Motor Drive 1415.7 Application Examples of SR Motor Drives in EVs 1445.8 Maturing Technology for EVs? 144References 1456 Stator-Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 1476.1 Stator-PM versus Rotor-PM 1476.2 System Configurations 1486.3 Doubly-Salient PM Motor Drives 1496.4 Flux-Reversal PM Motor Drives 1576.5 Flux-Switching PM Motor Drives 1606.6 Hybrid-Excited PM Motor Drives 1616.7 Flux-Mnemonic PM Motor Drives 1656.8 Design Criteria of Stator-PM Motor Drives for EVs 1736.9 Design Examples of Stator-PM Motor Drives for EVs 1776.9.1 Outer-Rotor Hybrid-Excited DSPM Motor Drive 1776.9.2 Outer-Rotor Flux-Mnemonic DSPM Motor Drive 1816.10 Potential Applications of Stator-PM Motor Drives in EVs 192References 1947 Magnetic-Geared Motor Drives 1957.1 System Configurations 1957.2 Magnetic Gears 1977.2.1 Converted Magnetic Gears 1987.2.2 Field-Modulated Magnetic Gears 2007.3 MG Machines 2037.3.1 Principle of MG Machines 2057.3.2 Modeling of MG Machines 2117.4 Inverters for MG Motors 2117.5 MG Motor Control 2127.6 Design Criteria of MG Motor Drives for EVs 2137.7 Design Examples of MG Motor Drives for EVs 2157.7.1 MG PM Brushless DC In-Wheel Motor Drive 2157.7.2 MG PM Brushless AC In-Wheel Motor Drive 2187.8 Potential Applications of MG Motor Drives in EVs 224References 2258 Vernier Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 2278.1 System Configurations 2278.2 Vernier PM Machines 2288.2.1 Vernier PM versus Magnetic-Geared PM 2288.2.2 Structure of Vernier PM Machines 2298.2.3 Principle of Vernier PM Machines 2348.2.4 Modeling of Vernier PM Machines 2378.3 Inverters for Vernier PM Motors 2388.4 Vernier PM Motor Control 2398.5 Design Criteria of Vernier PM Motor Drives for EVs 2408.6 Design Examples of Vernier PM Motor Drives for EVs 2428.6.1 Outer-Rotor Vernier PM Motor Drive 2428.6.2 Outer-Rotor Flux-Controllable Vernier PM Motor Drive 2458.7 Potential Applications of Vernier PM Motor Drives in EVs 251References 2519 Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives 2539.1 What Is Advanced Magnetless? 2539.2 System Configurations 2549.3 Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives 2559.4 Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drives 2579.5 Flux-Switching DC Motor Drives 2609.6 Vernier Reluctance Motor Drives 2649.7 Doubly-Fed Vernier Reluctance Motor Drives 2669.8 Axial-Flux Magnetless Motor Drives 2699.9 Design Criteria of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives for EVs 2729.10 Design Examples of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives for EVs 2729.10.1 Multi-tooth Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drive 2729.10.2 Multi-tooth Flux-Switching DC Motor Drive 2749.10.3 Axial-Flux Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drive 2769.10.4 Axial-Flux Flux-Switching DC Motor Drive 2839.11 Potential Applications of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives in EVs 288References 28910 Integrated-Starter-Generator Systems 29110.1 Classification of HEVs 29110.2 ISG System Configurations 29510.3 ISG Machines 29610.4 ISG Operations 29810.4.1 Cranking 29810.4.2 Electricity Generation 29810.4.3 Idle Stop-Start 29810.4.4 Regenerative Braking 29910.4.5 Power Assistance 30010.5 Design Criteria of ISG Systems 30010.6 Design Examples of ISG Systems 30110.6.1 Double-Stator PM Synchronous Machine-Based ISG System 30110.6.2 Hybrid-Excited Doubly-Salient PM Machine-Based ISG System 30310.7 Application Examples of ISG Systems in HEVs 31210.8 Matured Technology for HEVs? 313References 31311 Planetary-Geared Electric Variable Transmission Systems 31511.1 System Configurations 31511.2 Planetary Gears 31611.3 Input-Split PG EVT Systems 31911.3.1 Toyota Hybrid System 31911.3.2 Ford Hybrid System 32411.4 Compound-Split PG EVT Systems 32611.4.1 GM Two-Mode Hybrid System 32711.4.2 Renault Hybrid System 33111.4.3 Timken Hybrid System 33211.5 Design Criteria of PG EVT Systems 33311.6 Design Example of PG EVT Systems 33411.6.1 PM Synchronous PG EVT System Configuration 33411.6.2 PM Synchronous Machine Design 33511.6.3 PM Synchronous Machine Analysis 33611.7 Application Examples of PG EVT Systems in HEVs 33911.8 Matured Technology for HEVs? 341References 34212 Double-Rotor Electric Variable Transmission Systems 34312.1 System Configurations 34312.2 Double-Rotor Machines 34512.2.1 Multi-port Machine Concept 34512.2.2 DR Machine Structure 34612.3 Basic Double-Rotor EVT Systems 34712.3.1 DR EVT Structure 34712.3.2 DR EVT Modeling 34912.3.3 DR EVT Operation 35012.4 Advanced Double-Rotor EVT Systems 35112.4.1 PM DR EVT System 35312.4.2 SR DR EVT System 35412.4.3 Axial-Flux DR EVT System 35612.4.4 Advanced Magnetless DR EVT System 35712.5 Design Criteria of DR EVT Systems 35912.6 Design Example of DR EVT Systems 35912.6.1 DSDC DR EVT System Configuration 36012.6.2 DSDC DR Machine Design 36012.6.3 DSDC DR Machine Analysis 36012.7 Potential Applications of DR EVT Systems in HEVs 364References 36513 Magnetic-Geared Electric Variable Transmission Systems 36713.1 System Configurations 36713.2 Multi-port Magnetic Gears 36913.2.1 Magnetic Planetary Gears 36913.2.2 Magnetic Concentric Gears 37113.3 Magnetic Planetary-Geared EVT System 37313.4 Magnetic Concentric-Geared EVT System 37513.5 Design Criteria of MG EVT Systems 38013.6 Design Example of MG EVT Systems 38213.6.1 MCG EVT System Configuration 38213.6.2 Integrated MCG Machine Design 38413.6.3 Integrated MCG Machine Analysis 38613.7 Potential Applications of MG EVT Systems in HEVs 392References 392Index 393