Clinical Investigations at a Glance

Jonathan Gleadle is Professor of Medicine at Flinders University and Consultant Nephrologist at Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia.Jordan Li is Senior Lecturer at Flinders University and Consultant Physician at Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia.Tuck Yong is Consultant Physician, Adelaide, Australia.

"This is an extraordinarily useful primer on diagnostic testing and how to incorporate the results into the differential diagnosis. It provides tremendous insights for those just beginning their medical careers and for experienced clinicians. 5 Stars!" (Doody Enterprises 07/04/2017)

• Preface ixAcknowledgements xAbbreviations xiOverview of tests 11 Investigations and interpreting tests 22 Screening tests 43 Consent for investigations 64 Risks of tests 85 Genetic tests 106 Principles of radiological investigations 127 Cytology and histopathology tests 148 Presenting at radiology and histopathology meetings 169 Requesting tests 1810 Therapeutic drug monitoring 2011 Investigations in resource-limited settings 2212 Tests for outpatient, inpatient and patients in intensive care 24Common Presentations 2713 Chest pain 2814 Acute abdominal pain 3115 Headache 3416 Nausea and vomiting 3617 Diarrhoea 3818 Constipation 4019 Haematemesis and melaena 4220 Rectal bleeding 4421 Dyspepsia 4622 Dysphagia 5023 Weight loss 5224 Obesity 5425 Fatigue 5626 Coma and impaired consciousness 5827 Preoperative investigations for elective surgery 6028 Syncope 6229 Back pain 6430 Peripheral oedema 6631 Jaundice 6832 Meningitis 7033 Anaemia 7234 Lymphadenopathy 7435 Cough 7636 Haemoptysis 7837 Palpitations and cardiac arrhythmias 8038 Red eye 8239 Vertigo 8440 Urinary tract infection 8641 Haematuria 8842 Attempted suicide and self-poisoning 9043 Immunosuppressed patients 9244 Diagnosing death 9445 Shock 9646 Trauma 9847 Alcohol-use disorder 10448 Eating disorders 10649 Seizure 10850 Muscle weakness 11051 Visual loss 11252 Hearing loss 114Conditions 117Cardiovascular disease53 Heart failure 11854 Peripheral arterial disease 12055 Infective endocarditis 12256 Aortic disease 12457 Hypertension 12658 Hyperlipidaemia 128Respiratory disease and sleep disorders59 Pneumonia 13060 Asthma 13261 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 13462 Pleural effusion 13663 Pneumothorax 13864 Pulmonary embolism 14065 Pulmonary hypertension 14466 Pulmonary nodules 14667 Interstitial lung disease 14868 Sleep disorders 150Gastroenterology and hepatology69 Ascites 15270 Intestinal obstruction 15471 Malabsorption 15672 Inflammatory bowel disease 15873 Irritable bowel syndrome 16074 Colorectal cancer 16275 Liver mass 16476 Cirrhosis 16677 Liver function tests 16878 Acute pancreatitis 170Nephrology and urology79 Acute kidney injury 17280 Chronic kidney disease 17481 Metabolic acid–base disorders 17682 Potassium disorders 17883 Sodium disorders 18084 Calcium disorders 18285 Proteinuria 18486 Renal mass 18687 Kidney stones 18888 Renal artery stenosis 190Endocrinology89 Diabetes mellitus: diagnosis 19290 Diabetes mellitus: complications 19491 Diabetes insipidus 19692 Thyroid disorders 19893 Thyroid function tests 202Pituitary disorders94 Hypopituitarism 20495 Acromegaly 20696 Hyperprolactinaemia 208Adrenal disorders97 Adrenal insufficiency 21098 Adrenal incidentaloma 21299 Cushing’s syndrome 214100 Phaeochromocytoma 216101 Primary hyperaldosteronism 218Reproductive and obstetric medicine102 Male hypogonadism 220103 Infertility 222104 Erectile dysfunction 224105 Amenorrhoea 226106 Hirsutism 228107 Polycystic ovary syndrome 230108 Pre-eclampsia and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy 232109 Pregnancy 234Infectious diseases110 Pyrexia of unknown origin 236111 Leucopenia and febrile neutropenia 238112 Illness in returned travellers 240113 Sepsis 242114 Sepsis: testing for infectious diseases 244115 Osteomyelitis 246116 Sexually transmitted diseases 248117 Tuberculosis 250118 HIV 252Haematology119 Leucocytosis 254120 Myelodysplastic syndromes 256121 Erythrocytosis 258122 Haemolytic anaemia 259123 Leukaemia 262124 Lymphoma 264125 Multiple myeloma 266126 Platelet disorders 268127 Bleeding disorders 270128 Thrombophilia 272Oncology129 Breast cancer 274130 Spinal cord compression 276131 Cancer of unknown primary 278132 Tumour markers 280133 Ovarian cancer 282134 Prostate cancer 284Neurology135 Stroke 286136 Haemorrhagic stroke 288137 Brain abscess 291138 Encephalitis 292139 Brain tumours 294140 Multiple sclerosis 296141 Spinal cord disorders 298142 Peripheral neuropathy 300143 Movement disorders 304Rheumatology144 Septic and crystal arthropathies 306145 Osteoarthritis 309146 Spondyloarthropathies 310147 Scleroderma and Raynaud’s phenomenon 313148 Rheumatoid arthritis 316149 Systemic lupus erythematosus 318150 Sjögren’s syndrome 322151 Vasculitis 324152 Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis 326153 Osteoporosis 328Geriatric and general medicine154 Dementia 330155 Delirium 332156 Falls 334157 Urinary incontinence 336Clinical immunology and allergy158 Allergy and anaphylaxis 338159 Primary immunodeficiency disorders 340Dermatology160 Skin cancers 342161 Skin rashes 344162 Urticaria and angioedema 346Further reading 348Index 352