Advanced Biomaterials and Biodevices

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics at Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.Anis N. Nordin received her D.Sc. in computer engineering from George Washington University in 2008. She is now an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. Her main research interests are in the areas of biosensors, lab-on-chip devices, Analog VLSI, RF-MEMS, surface acoustic wave resonators, and oscillators in particular. She is currently a visiting scholar at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Center, Linköping University, Sweden.

“Overall, this is a fascinating series of diverse chapters, with a large range of quality in the presentation and diagram quality, and the reader has to have an extensive knowledge of biochemistry and nanotechnology to really appreciate the cutting edge technology presented in this book.”  (Scope, 1 February 2014)

• Preface xv Part 1: Cutting-edge Biomaterials 1 Frontiers for Bulk Nanostructured Metals in Biomedical Applications 3T.C. Lowe and R.Z. Valiev 1.1 Introduction to Nanostructured Metals 3 1.2 Nanostructured Metals as Biomaterials for Medical Applications 10 1.3 Summary and Conclusions 29 Acknowledgment 30 References 30 2 Stimuli-responsive Materials Used as Medical Devices in Loading and Releasing of Drugs 53H. Iván Meléndez-Ortiz and Emilio Bucio 2.1 Introduction 54 2.2 Classification of Materials for Bioapplications 55 2.3 Responsive Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery 56 2.4 Types of Medical Devices 60 2.5 Materials Used in Medical Devices 62 2.6 Stimuli-responsive Polymers Used in Medical Devices 65 2.7 Infections Associated with Medical Devices 68 Acknowledgements 72 References 73 3 Recent Advances with Liposomes as Drug Carriers 79Shravan Kumar Sriraman and Vladimir P. Torchilin 3.1 Introduction 80 3.2 Passive Targeting of Liposomes 83 3.3 Actively Targeted Liposomes 88 3.4 Multifunctional Liposomes 95 3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 98 References 101 4 Fabrication, Properties of Nanoshells with Controllable Surface Charge and its Applications 121Parul Khurana, Sheenam Thatai and Dinesh Kumar 4.1 What is Nanotechnology? 122 4.2 Nanomaterials and Their Uses 122 4.3 Classification of Nanomaterials 124 4.4 Nanoparticles 126 4.5 Nanocomposites Material 128 4.6 Spherical Silica Particles 129 4.7 Silver Nanoparticles 132 4.8 Gold Nanoparticles 134 4.9 SiO2@Ag and SiO2@Au Core-shell Nanocomposites 137 4.10 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering 139 4.11 Conclusions 141 Acknowledgements 141 References 141 5 Chitosan as an Advanced Healthcare Material 147M.A. Jardine and S. Sayed 147 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 Chemical Modification and Analysis 150 5.3 Chitosan Co-polymers 154 5.4 Nanoparticles 156 5.5 Nanofibres (Electrospinning) 158 5.6 Visualising Nanostructures 160 5.7 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan 163 5.8 Conclusion 175 References  175 6 Chitosan and Low Molecular Weight Chitosan: Biological and Biomedical Applications 183Nazma N. Inamdar and Vishnukant Mourya 6.1 Introduction 184 6.2 Biodegradability of Chitin and Chitosan 184 6.3 Biocomapatibility and Toxicology of Chitin and Chitosan 186 6.4 Chitosan as Antimicrobial Agent 187 6.5 Chitosan as Haemostatic Agent 196 6.6 Chitosan as Immunity Modulator 198 6.7 Chitosan as Adjuvant 202 6.8 Chitosan as Wound Healing Accelerator 203 6.9 Chitosan as Lipid Lowering Agent & Dietary Supplement in Aid of Weight Loss 211 6.10 Chitosan as Antioxidant 214 6.11 Conclusion 220 References 221 7 Anticipating Behaviour of Advanced Materials in Healthcare 243Tanvir Arfin and Simin Fatma 7.1 Introduction 244 7.2 The Evolution of the Bio-advance Materials Fields 246 7.3 Evaluation in Humans 247 7.4 The Natural History of Diseases 248 7.5 Enzyme 249 7.6 Biosensor 259 7.7 Platinum Material Used in Medicine 267 7.8 Antibody 268 7.9 Antibody microarrays 275 7.10 Conclusion 278 References 279 Part 2: Innovative Biodevices 289 8 Label-Free Biochips 291Anis N. Nordin 8.1 Introduction 291 8.2 Label-Free Analysis 292 8.3 Electrochemical Biosensors 293 8.4 Acoustic Wave-based Mass Sensors 297 8.5 Bulk Acoustic Wave Sensors 297 8.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Mass Sensors 300 8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 302 References 303 9 Polymer MEMS Sensors 305V. Seena, Prasenjithn Ray, Prashanthi Kovur, Manoj Kandpal and V. Ramgopal Rao 9.1 Introduction 306 9.2 Polymer Nanocomposite Piezoresistive Microcantilever Sensors 309 9.3 Organic CantiFET 318 9.4 Polymer Microcantilever Sensors with Embedded Al-doped ZnO Transistor 324 9.5 Piezoelectric Nanocomposite (SU-8/ZNO) Thin Films Studies and Their Integration with Piezoelectric MEMS Devices 327 9.6 Polymer Nanomechanical Cantilever Sensors for Detection of Explosives 334 References 337 10 Assembly of Polymers/Metal Nanoparticles and their Applications as Medical Devices 343Magdalena Stevanovic 10.1 Introduction 344 10.2 Platinum Nanoparticles 346 10.3 Gold Nanoparticles 347 10.4 Silver Nanoparticles 350 10.5 Assembly of Polymers/Silver Nanoparticles 351 10.6 Conclusion 357 Acknowledgements 357 References 357 11 Combination of Molecular Imprinting and Nanotechnology: Beginning of a New Horizon 367Rashmi Madhuri, Ekta Roy, Kritika Gupta and Prashant K. Sharma 11.1 Introduction 368 11.2 Classification of Imprinted Nanomaterials 374 11.3 Imprinted Materials at Nanoscale 412 11.4 Conclusions & Future Outlook 418 Acknowledgements 419 References 419 12 Prussian Blue and Analogues: Biosensing Applications in Health Care 423Salazar P, Martin M, O’Neill RD, Lorenzo-Luis P, Roche R and González-Mora JL 12.1 Introduction 424 12.2 General Aspects of Prussian Blue and Other Hexacyanoferrates 426 12.3 Prussian Blue: Hydrogen Peroxide Electrocatalysis 428 12.4 Prussian Blue: Biosensor Applications 430 12.5 Prussian Blue: Immunosensor Applications 439 12.6 Conclusions 446 Acknowledgment 446 References 447 13 Efficiency of Biosensors as New Generation of Analytical Approaches at the Biochemical Diagnosticsof Diseases 451N.F. Starodub and M. D. Melnychuk 13.1 Introduction 452 13.2 General Approaches for the Development of Optical Immune Biosensors 452 13.3 Electrochemical Enzymatic Biosensors Based on the Ion-sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) 471 13.4 Multi-parametrical Biosensors [49-51] 475 13.5 Modeling Selective Sites and their Application in the Sensory Technology 478 13.6 Conclusion 481 References 482 14 Nanoparticles: Scope in Drug Delivery 487Megha Tanwar, Jaishree Meena and Laxman S. Meena 14.1 Introduction 488 14.2 Different Forms of Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery 489 14.3 Tuberculosis Targeting Nanoparticles 493 14.4 Cancer & Tumor Targeting Nanoparticles 505 14.5 Conclusion 511 References 512 15 Smart Polypeptide Nanocarriers for Malignancy Therapeutics 523Jianxun Ding, Di Li, Xiuli Zhuang and Xuesi Chen 15.1 Introduction 523 15.2 Smart Polypeptide Nanovehicles for Antitumor Drug Delivery 525 15.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 539 References 539 Index 547