Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics

Leo Wetzels is Professor Emeritus of the VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands, where he held the chair of Romance languages and Amazon languages until July 2017. Since September 2017 he acts as a visiting Professor at the Federal University of Ceará in Fortaleza, Brazil and, since January 2019, as an invited researcher at the EHESS in Paris, France. He is Editor-in-Chief of Probus, International Journal of Romance Linguistics.João Costa is Professor of Linguistcs at the Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal. He served as Secretary of State of Education in the Portuguese Government (2015-2019).Sergio Menuzzi is Professor at the Department of Classical and Vernacular Letters, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is also the current director of the Faculty of Letters in the same university, and has been a researcher of the National Council of Research (CNPq) since 2004.

• Notes on Contributors vii1 History and Current Setting 1Maria Teresa Brocardo and Celia Regina dos Santos Lopes2 European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese: An Overview on Word Order 15Mary Aizawa Kato and Ana Maria Martins3 Portuguese in Contact 41Ana Maria Carvalho and Dante Lucchesi4 A Comparative Study of the Sounds of European and Brazilian Portuguese: Phonemes and Allophones 56Gladis Massini‐Cagliari, Luiz Carlos Cagliari, and Wayne J. Redenbarger5 Phonological Processes Affecting Vowels: Neutralization, Harmony, and Nasalization 69Leda Bisol and João Veloso6 Syllable Structure 86Gisela Collischonn and W. Leo Wetzels7 Main Stress and Secondary Stress in Brazilian and European Portuguese 107José Magalhães8 The Phonology–Syntax Interface 125Raquel S. Santos and Marina Vigário9 Intonation in European and Brazilian Portuguese 141Sónia Frota and João Antônio de Moraes10 The Phonology and Morphology of Word Formation 167Alina Villalva and Carlos Alexandre Goncalves11 The Morphology and Phonology of Inflection 188Luiz Carlos Schwindt and W. Leo Wetzels12 Clitic Pronouns: Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax 210Ana R. Luís and Georg A. Kaiser13 The Null Subject Parameter and the Structure of the Sentence in European and Brazilian Portuguese 234Ines Duarte and Maria Cristina Figueiredo Silva14 The Structure of DPs 254Ana Maria Brito and Ruth E. V. Lopes15 Wh‐movement: Interrogatives, Relatives and Clefts 275Carlos Mioto and Maria Lobo16 Null Objects and VP Ellipsis in European and Brazilian Portuguese 294Sonia Cyrino and Gabriela Matos17 Passives and Se Constructions 318Ana Maria Martins and Jairo Nunes18 Binding and Pronominal Forms in Portuguese 338Sergio Menuzzi and Maria Lobo19 The Semantics of DPs 356Marcelo Barra Ferreira and Clara Nunes Correia20 Lexical Semantics: Verb Classes and Alternations 374Márcia Cançado and Anabela Gonçalves21 Tense and Aspect: A Survey 392Rodolfo Ilari, Maria Fátima Oliveira, and Renato Miguel Basso22 Mood and Modality 408Rui Marques and Roberta Pires de Oliveira23 Some Issues in Negation in Portuguese 425Scott A. Schwenter24 Discourse Markers 441Ana Cristina Macário Lopes25 From Latin to Portuguese: Main Phonological Changes 457D. Eric Holt26 Main Morphosyntactic Changes and Grammaticalization Processes 471Célia Regina dos Santos Lopes and Maria Teresa Brocardo27 Main Syntactic Changes from a Principle‐and‐Parameters View 487Charlotte Galves and Anthony Kroch28 Main Current Processes of Phonological Variation 504Celeste Rodrigues and Dermeval da Hora29 Main Current Processes of Morphosyntactic Variation 526Maria Marta Pereira Scherre and Maria Eugênia Lammoglia Duarte30 Acquisition of Phonology 545Giovana Ferreira‐Gonçalves and Maria João Freitas31 Acquisition of Portuguese Syntax 562João Costa and Ruth E. V. Lopes32 Second Language Acquisition 578Ana MadeiraIndex 591