EDITOR AFFILIATIONS Israel Franco, MD, Professor of Urology, New York Medical College, Director of Pediatric Urology, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, Valhalla, New York, USA Paul F. Austin, M.D, F.A.A.P., Director of Pediatric Urology Research, Associate Professor of Urologic Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, USA Stuart Bauer, MD, Professor of Surgery (Urology), Harvard Medical School, Senior Associate, Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA Prof. Dr. Alexander von Gontard, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany Yves Homsy MD, Clinical Professor of Urology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Tampa, FI

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• List of contributors xiPreface xvSection 1: Pathophysiology of bowel and bladder dysfunctionIsrael Franco1 Neurophysiology of voiding 3Oreoluwa Ogunyemi and Hsi‐Yang Wu2 Neurophysiology of defecation 15Cecilie Ejerskov and Charlotte Siggaard Rittig3 Functional brain imaging in bowel and bladder control 21Israel FrancoSection 2: Epidemiological aspects of bowel and bladder dysfunctionAlexander von Gontard4 The epidemiology of childhood incontinence 37Anne J. Wright5 Quality of life factors in bladder and bowel dysfunction 61Eliane Garcez da Fonseca6 Psychological aspects in bladder and bowel dysfunction 67Alexander von Gontard7 Neuropsychiatric disorders and genetic aspects of bowel or bladder dysfunction 73Israel FrancoSection 3: Evaluation of bowel and bladder dysfunctionYves Homsy8 Urodynamics in the pediatric patient 91Beth A. Drzewiecki and Stuart B. Bauer9 Uroflowmetry and postvoid residual urine tests in incontinent children 99Stephen Shei‐Dei Yang and Shang‐Jen Chang10 Evaluation of the child with voiding dysfunction 107Yves Homsy11 Evaluation of constipation and fecal incontinence 121Marc A. BenningaSection 4: Treatments of functional bowel and bladder dysfunctionPaul F. Austin12 Implementation of urotherapy 133Wendy F. Bower and Janet W. Chase13 The concept of physiotherapy for childhood BBD 139Janet W. Chase and Wendy F. Bower14 Biofeedback for the treatment of functional voiding problems 145Ann Raes and Catherine Renson15 Pharmacotherapy of the child with functional incontinence and retention 153Paul F. Austin and Israel Franco16 Treatment of functional constipation and fecal incontinence 163Vera Loening‐Baucke and Alexander Swidsinski17 Peripheral tibial nerve stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems 171Mario De Gennaro and Maria Luisa Capitanucci18 Sacral nerve stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems 175Alonso Carrasco Jr, Moira E. Dwyer, and Yuri E. Reinberg19 Superficial stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems 183Ubirajara Barroso, Jr20 Botulinum toxin in the treatment of the functional bladder 189Luitzen‐Albert Groen and Piet Hoebeke21 Psychological management of BBD 201Monika Equit and Alexander von GontardSection 5: Nocturnal enuresisIsrael Franco22 Pathophysiology of nocturnal enuresis 209Soren Rittig and Konstantinos Kamperis23 Evaluation of the enuretic child 221Tryggve Neveus24 Management of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (enuresis) 227Johan Vande Walle25 Psychological aspects in evaluation and management of nocturnal enuresis (NE) 245Dieter Baeyens and Alexander von GontardSection 6: Neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunctionStuart Bauer26 Diagnostic evaluation in children with neurogenic bladder 257Tom P.V.M. de Jong, Aart J. Klijn, Pieter Dik and Rafal Chrzan27 Medical management of the neurogenic bladder 263Paul F. Austin and Stuart B. Bauer28 Treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence: Neuropathic 273Mark P. Cain29 Neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder in pediatric spinal dysraphism 281Elizabeth B. Yerkes and William E. Kaplan30 Botulinum toxin in the treatment of neuropathic lower urinary tract dysfunction 293Paul F. Austin and Israel Franco31 The surgical management of the neurogenic bladder 299Elias Wehbi and Antoine E. Khoury32 Surgery for bowel dysfunction 309Terry L. Buchmiller33 Neurological surgery for neurogenic bladder dysfunction 317Michael S. Park and Gerald F. TuiteIndex 327

EDITOR AFFILIATIONS Israel Franco, MD, Professor of Urology, New York Medical College, Director of Pediatric Urology, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, Valhalla, New York, USA Paul F. Austin, M.D, F.A.A.P., Director of Pediatric Urology Research, Associate Professor of Urologic Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, USA Stuart Bauer, MD, Professor of Surgery (Urology), Harvard Medical School, Senior Associate, Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA Prof. Dr. Alexander von Gontard, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany Yves Homsy MD, Clinical Professor of Urology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Tampa, FI

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• List of contributors xiPreface xvSection 1: Pathophysiology of bowel and bladder dysfunctionIsrael Franco1 Neurophysiology of voiding 3Oreoluwa Ogunyemi and Hsi‐Yang Wu2 Neurophysiology of defecation 15Cecilie Ejerskov and Charlotte Siggaard Rittig3 Functional brain imaging in bowel and bladder control 21Israel FrancoSection 2: Epidemiological aspects of bowel and bladder dysfunctionAlexander von Gontard4 The epidemiology of childhood incontinence 37Anne J. Wright5 Quality of life factors in bladder and bowel dysfunction 61Eliane Garcez da Fonseca6 Psychological aspects in bladder and bowel dysfunction 67Alexander von Gontard7 Neuropsychiatric disorders and genetic aspects of bowel or bladder dysfunction 73Israel FrancoSection 3: Evaluation of bowel and bladder dysfunctionYves Homsy8 Urodynamics in the pediatric patient 91Beth A. Drzewiecki and Stuart B. Bauer9 Uroflowmetry and postvoid residual urine tests in incontinent children 99Stephen Shei‐Dei Yang and Shang‐Jen Chang10 Evaluation of the child with voiding dysfunction 107Yves Homsy11 Evaluation of constipation and fecal incontinence 121Marc A. BenningaSection 4: Treatments of functional bowel and bladder dysfunctionPaul F. Austin12 Implementation of urotherapy 133Wendy F. Bower and Janet W. Chase13 The concept of physiotherapy for childhood BBD 139Janet W. Chase and Wendy F. Bower14 Biofeedback for the treatment of functional voiding problems 145Ann Raes and Catherine Renson15 Pharmacotherapy of the child with functional incontinence and retention 153Paul F. Austin and Israel Franco16 Treatment of functional constipation and fecal incontinence 163Vera Loening‐Baucke and Alexander Swidsinski17 Peripheral tibial nerve stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems 171Mario De Gennaro and Maria Luisa Capitanucci18 Sacral nerve stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems 175Alonso Carrasco Jr, Moira E. Dwyer, and Yuri E. Reinberg19 Superficial stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems 183Ubirajara Barroso, Jr20 Botulinum toxin in the treatment of the functional bladder 189Luitzen‐Albert Groen and Piet Hoebeke21 Psychological management of BBD 201Monika Equit and Alexander von GontardSection 5: Nocturnal enuresisIsrael Franco22 Pathophysiology of nocturnal enuresis 209Soren Rittig and Konstantinos Kamperis23 Evaluation of the enuretic child 221Tryggve Neveus24 Management of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (enuresis) 227Johan Vande Walle25 Psychological aspects in evaluation and management of nocturnal enuresis (NE) 245Dieter Baeyens and Alexander von GontardSection 6: Neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunctionStuart Bauer26 Diagnostic evaluation in children with neurogenic bladder 257Tom P.V.M. de Jong, Aart J. Klijn, Pieter Dik and Rafal Chrzan27 Medical management of the neurogenic bladder 263Paul F. Austin and Stuart B. Bauer28 Treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence: Neuropathic 273Mark P. Cain29 Neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder in pediatric spinal dysraphism 281Elizabeth B. Yerkes and William E. Kaplan30 Botulinum toxin in the treatment of neuropathic lower urinary tract dysfunction 293Paul F. Austin and Israel Franco31 The surgical management of the neurogenic bladder 299Elias Wehbi and Antoine E. Khoury32 Surgery for bowel dysfunction 309Terry L. Buchmiller33 Neurological surgery for neurogenic bladder dysfunction 317Michael S. Park and Gerald F. TuiteIndex 327

EDITOR AFFILIATIONS Israel Franco, MD, Professor of Urology, New York Medical College, Director of Pediatric Urology, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, Valhalla, New York, USA Paul F. Austin, M.D, F.A.A.P., Director of Pediatric Urology Research, Associate Professor of Urologic Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, USA Stuart Bauer, MD, Professor of Surgery (Urology), Harvard Medical School, Senior Associate, Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA Prof. Dr. Alexander von Gontard, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany Yves Homsy MD, Clinical Professor of Urology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Tampa, FI

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• List of contributors xiPreface xvSection 1: Pathophysiology of bowel and bladder dysfunctionIsrael Franco1 Neurophysiology of voiding 3Oreoluwa Ogunyemi and Hsi‐Yang Wu2 Neurophysiology of defecation 15Cecilie Ejerskov and Charlotte Siggaard Rittig3 Functional brain imaging in bowel and bladder control 21Israel FrancoSection 2: Epidemiological aspects of bowel and bladder dysfunctionAlexander von Gontard4 The epidemiology of childhood incontinence 37Anne J. Wright5 Quality of life factors in bladder and bowel dysfunction 61Eliane Garcez da Fonseca6 Psychological aspects in bladder and bowel dysfunction 67Alexander von Gontard7 Neuropsychiatric disorders and genetic aspects of bowel or bladder dysfunction 73Israel FrancoSection 3: Evaluation of bowel and bladder dysfunctionYves Homsy8 Urodynamics in the pediatric patient 91Beth A. Drzewiecki and Stuart B. Bauer9 Uroflowmetry and postvoid residual urine tests in incontinent children 99Stephen Shei‐Dei Yang and Shang‐Jen Chang10 Evaluation of the child with voiding dysfunction 107Yves Homsy11 Evaluation of constipation and fecal incontinence 121Marc A. BenningaSection 4: Treatments of functional bowel and bladder dysfunctionPaul F. Austin12 Implementation of urotherapy 133Wendy F. Bower and Janet W. Chase13 The concept of physiotherapy for childhood BBD 139Janet W. Chase and Wendy F. Bower14 Biofeedback for the treatment of functional voiding problems 145Ann Raes and Catherine Renson15 Pharmacotherapy of the child with functional incontinence and retention 153Paul F. Austin and Israel Franco16 Treatment of functional constipation and fecal incontinence 163Vera Loening‐Baucke and Alexander Swidsinski17 Peripheral tibial nerve stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems 171Mario De Gennaro and Maria Luisa Capitanucci18 Sacral nerve stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems 175Alonso Carrasco Jr, Moira E. Dwyer, and Yuri E. Reinberg19 Superficial stimulation therapy for the treatment of functional voiding problems 183Ubirajara Barroso, Jr20 Botulinum toxin in the treatment of the functional bladder 189Luitzen‐Albert Groen and Piet Hoebeke21 Psychological management of BBD 201Monika Equit and Alexander von GontardSection 5: Nocturnal enuresisIsrael Franco22 Pathophysiology of nocturnal enuresis 209Soren Rittig and Konstantinos Kamperis23 Evaluation of the enuretic child 221Tryggve Neveus24 Management of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (enuresis) 227Johan Vande Walle25 Psychological aspects in evaluation and management of nocturnal enuresis (NE) 245Dieter Baeyens and Alexander von GontardSection 6: Neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunctionStuart Bauer26 Diagnostic evaluation in children with neurogenic bladder 257Tom P.V.M. de Jong, Aart J. Klijn, Pieter Dik and Rafal Chrzan27 Medical management of the neurogenic bladder 263Paul F. Austin and Stuart B. Bauer28 Treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence: Neuropathic 273Mark P. Cain29 Neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder in pediatric spinal dysraphism 281Elizabeth B. Yerkes and William E. Kaplan30 Botulinum toxin in the treatment of neuropathic lower urinary tract dysfunction 293Paul F. Austin and Israel Franco31 The surgical management of the neurogenic bladder 299Elias Wehbi and Antoine E. Khoury32 Surgery for bowel dysfunction 309Terry L. Buchmiller33 Neurological surgery for neurogenic bladder dysfunction 317Michael S. Park and Gerald F. TuiteIndex 327