Resistivity Modeling

Propagation, Laterolog and Micro-Pad Analysis

AvWilson C. Chin

Inbunden, Engelska, 2016

Del i serien Advances in Petroleum Engineering

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Beskrivning

Resistivity logging represents the cornerstone of modern petroleum exploration, providing a quantitative assessment of hydrocarbon bearing potential in newly discovered oilfields. Resistivity is measured using AC coil tools, as well as by focused DC laterolog and micro-pad devices, and later extrapolated, to provide oil saturation estimates related to economic productivity and cash flow. Interpretation and modeling methods, highly lucrative, are shrouded in secrecy by oil service companies – often these models are incorrect and mistakes perpetuate themselves over time.This book develops math modeling methods for layered, anisotropic media, providing algorithms, validations and numerous examples. New electric current tracing tools are also constructed which show how well (or poorly) DC tools probe intended anisotropic formations at different dip angles. The approaches discussed provide readers with new insights into the limitations of conventional tools and methods, and offer practical and rigorous solutions to several classes of problems explored in the book.Traditionally, Archie's law is used to relate resistivity to water saturation, but only on small core-sample spatial scales. The second half of this book introduces methods to calculate field-wide water saturations using modern Darcy flow approaches, and then, via Archie's law, develops field-wide resistivity distributions which may vary with time. How large-scale resistivity distributions can be used in more accurate tool interpretation and reservoir characterization is considered at length. The book also develops new methods in "time lapse logging," where timewise changes to resistivity response (arising from fluid movements) can be used to predict rock and fluid flow properties.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2016-11-29
Mått:155 x 226 x 23 mm
Vikt:544 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Serie:Advances in Petroleum Engineering
Antal sidor:320
Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9781118925997

Utforska kategorier

Energiteknik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Mer om författaren

Wilson C. Chin earned his Ph.D. from M.I.T. and his M.Sc. from Caltech. He has published fifteen books describing his original research in reservoir engineering, formation testing, managed pressure drilling, wave propagation, Measurement While Drilling (MWD) and electromagnetic well logging, over one hundred papers and three dozen patents.?Mr. Chin has consulted for well known domestic and international oil and gas corporations, and during the past two decades, won five prestigious research contracts and awards in petroleum exploration and production with the United States Department of Energy.

Innehållsförteckning

Preface xiAcknowledgements xvii1 Physics, Math and Basic Ideas 11.1 Background, Industry Challenges and Frustrations 11.2 Iterative Algorithms and Solutions 21.3 Direct Current Focusing from Reservoir Flow Perspective 51.4 General Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Model 111.5 Closing Remarks 251.6 References 252 Axisymmetric Transient Models 262.1 Physical Ideas, Engineering Models and Numerical Approaches 272.2 Transient Axisymmetric Coil Source Calculations 372.3 Effects of Frequency, from Induction, to Propagation, to Dielectric 592.4 Depth of Investigation 602.5 Closing Remarks Related to Interpretation 612.6 References 633 Steady Axisymmetric Formulations 643.1 Laterolog Voltage Modeling and Interpretation Approach 653.2 Current Trajectories from Streamfunction Analysis 683.3 Voltage Calculations and Current Trajectories 71Run 1. Conductivities σv = 1.0, σh = 1.01 74Run 2. Conductivities σv = 1.01, σh = 1.0 76Run 3. Conductivities σv = 1, σh = 10 78Run 4. Conductivities σv = 10, σh = 1 803.4 Current and Monitor Electrodes 853.5 References 854 Direct Current Models for Micro-Pad Devices 864.1 Th ree-Dimensional, Anisotropic, Steady Model 874.2 Finite Difference Approach and Subtleties 884.3 Row versus Column Relaxation 884.4 Pads Acting on Vertical and Horizontal Wells 90Run 1. Conductivities σv = 1.0, σh = 1.01 (vertical well) 92Run 2. Conductivities σv = 1.01, σh = 1.0 (vertical well) 94Run 3. Conductivities σv = 1, σh = 10 (vertical well) 96Run 4. Conductivities σv = 10, σh = 1 (vertical well) 98Run 5. Conductivities σv = 1.0, σh = 1.01 (horizontal well) 100Run 6. Conductivities σv = 1.01, σh = 1.0 (horizontal well) 102Run 7. Conductivities σv = 1, σh = 10 (horizontal well) 104Run 8. Conductivities σv = 10, σh = 1 (horizontal well) 1064.5 Closing Remarks 1084.6 References 1085 Coil Antenna Modeling for MWD Applications 1095.1 Axisymmetric and 3D Model Validation 1095.2 Modeling a Center-Fed Linear Dipole Transmitter Antenna 1175.3 More Antenna Concepts 1275.4 References 1626 What is Resistivity? 1636.1 Resistance in Serial and Parallel Circuits, Using Classical Algebraic Approach 1636.2 Resistance in Serial and Parallel Circuits, Using Differential Equation Approach 1656.3 Isotropy and Anisotropy in Cross-bedded Sands 1676.4 Tool Measurements and Geological Models 1716.5 References 1727 Multiphase Flow and Transient Resistivity 1737.1 Immiscible Buckley-Leverett Linear Flows Without Capillary Pressure 1767.2 Molecular Diffusion in Fluid Flows 1837.3 Immiscible Radial Flows with Capillary Pressure and Prescribed Mudcake Growth 1937.4 Immiscible Flows with Capillary Pressure and Dynamically Coupled Mudcake Growth – Theory and Numerics 2087.5 Immiscible Flows with Capillary Pressure and Dynamically Coupled Mudcake Growth – Detailed Examples 2237.6 Simple Example in Time Lapse Logging 2347.7 Resistivity Distributions Variable in Space and Time 2477.8 References 2508 Analytical Methods for Time Lapse Well Logging Analysis 2518.1 Experimental Model Validation 2518.2 Characterizing Mudcake Properties 2558.3 Porosity, Permeability, Oil Viscosity and Pore Pressure Determination 2598.4 Examples of Time Lapse Analysis 2688.5 References 273Cumulative References 274Index 276About the Author 282