Ethnopharmacology

Professor Michael Heinrich, UCL School of Pharmacy, UK. Dr Anna K. Jäger, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

"Ethnopharmacology is a remarkable book that comprises cutting-edge research from a range of world-class authorities from many countries across the world. This makes it one of the most authoritative books ever written on this subject and on phytotherapy in general"...."in my opinion, the real appeal of the book is the diversity of the subjects covered, which include the comparative and quantitative methods of ethnopharmacological research; biodiversity, conservation, and ethnopharmacology; ecopharmacognosy; the use of novel nuclear magnetic resonance techniques in natural product research; and ethnopharmacology and intellectual property rights"....."Ethnopharmacology is indeed a valuable book for natural-product researchers, especially those interested in novel approaches for uncovering new leads for the development of essential medicines from plant and animal sources.I have no doubt in my mind that it will serve the purpose for which it is intended: a cutting-edge text meant to equip postgraduate students in pharmacy, pharmaceutical sciences, and other related disciplines, anywhere in the world, with sound knowledge of the newly developing field of ethnopharmacology" Bioscience, July 2016

• Contributors xviiSeries Foreword xxiPreface xxiiiAbbreviations xxviiEthnopharmacology: The Fundamental Challenges1 Ethnopharmacology: A Short History of a Multidisciplinary Field of Research 3Michael Heinrich1.1 Introduction 3Acknowledgements 8References 82 Medicinal Plant Research: A Reflection on Translational Tasks 11Anna K Jäger2.1 Introduction 112.2 Translational research: preclinical research 122.3 Translational research: clinical research 132.4 Reaching the patient 142.5 A ‘developed’ traditional medicine system 14References 163 The Anthropology of Ethnopharmacology 17Ina Vandebroek and Daniel E. Moerman3.1 Introduction 173.2 Primary example: Traditional medicine in New York City 183.3 An example from ancient Roman architecture 223.4 An example from native North America 233.5 Comparative ethnobotany 243.6 Conclusions 26References 274 Quantitative and Comparative Methods in Ethnopharmacology 29Marco Leonti and Caroline S. Weckerle4.1 Introduction 294.2 Research questions 314.3 Field research 334.4 Analyzing the data 344.5 Pharmacological research 354.6 Contextualization 364.7 Conclusion 37References 375 Biodiversity, Conservation and Ethnopharmacology 41Vernon H. Heywood5.1 Introduction 415.2 Changing attitudes to the ownership of biodiversity 425.3 Medicinal and aromatic plants as resources 435.4 How many species? 445.5 Chemical diversity 455.6 Wild harvesting and over-collection 455.7 Medicinal plant conservation 465.8 Conservation approaches 465.9 Protected areas 475.10 Community conservation 475.11 Genetic conservation 475.12 Cultivation 485.13 Conclusions 48References 496 Ecopharmacognosy 53Geoffrey A. Cordell6.1 Introduction 536.2 Sustainable medicines and pharmacognosy 546.3 Ecopharmacognosy: background 556.4 Ecopharmacognosy practices 556.5 Conclusions 60Acknowledgements 60References 607 NMR-based Metabolomics and Hyphenated NMR Techniques: A Perfect Match in Natural Products Research 63Joachim Møllesøe Vinther, Sileshi Gizachew Wubshet and Dan Staerk7.1 Introduction 637.2 Metabolomics 647.3 Principles of NMR-based metabolomics 657.4 NMR-based metabolomics in natural products research 667.5 Hyphenated NMR techniques 687.6 Principle of HPLC-SPE-NMR 697.7 High-resolution bioassay-coupled HPLC-SPE-NMR 707.8 Combining metabolomics and hyphenated NMR techniques 717.9 Perspectives in ethnopharmacology 727.10 Conclusions 72References 728 New Medicines Based On Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous and Intellectual Property Rights from an Ethnopharmacological Perspective 75Michael Heinrich8.1 Introduction 758.2 The legal framework 768.3 Industrial research in an ethnopharmacological context 778.4 Some case studies 798.5 Conclusions 83Note 84References 849 Ethnopharmacology and Intellectual Property Rights 87Alan Hesketh9.1 Introduction 879.2 Indigenous community rights and traditional knowledge 889.3 Identifying a partner 899.4 Hurdles in considering IP 919.5 Building an effective IP portfolio 919.6 The patentability of products of nature 939.7 Conclusion 95References 9510 Ethnopharmacology in Elementary, Primary and Secondary Education: CurrentPerspectives and Future Prospects 97Alonso Verde, Diego Rivera, José Ramón Vallejo, José Fajardo, Concepción Obón and Arturo Valdés10.1 Introduction 9710.2 Ethnopharmacology: a multidisciplinary subject for education 9910.3 Developing an ethnopharmacological curriculum: some strategies 10110.4 Conclusions 104References 105The Pharmacological Angle11 Anti-infective Agents: The Example of Antibacterial Drug Leads 111Maíra Bidart de Macedo, Sofie Clais, Ellen Lanckacker, Louis Maes, Emerson Silva Lima and Paul Cos11.1 Introduction 11111.2 Bacterial resistance 11211.3 Plant-derived antibacterial agents 11211.4 Basic requirements for successful antimicrobial drug discovery (Cos et al., 2006) 11811.5 Conclusion 119References 12012 Searching for New Treatments of Malaria 123Colin W. Wright12.1 Introduction 12312.2 Traditional herbal remedies as a source of antimalarial lead compounds 12312.3 Developments from established antimalarials 12612.4 Non-traditional medicine sources of potential antimalarials 12712.5 Alternative strategies in the search for natural antimalarial compounds 12912.6 Herbal preparations for the treatment of malaria 13012.7 Conclusion and future prospects 132References 13213 CNS Disorders 135Anna K Jäger13.1 Introduction 13513.2 Epilepsy 13513.3 Depression and anxiety 13713.4 Insomnia 13913.5 Sedatives 13913.6 Dementia 13913.7 Conclusion 142References 14214 Respiratory Conditions 147Adolfo Andrade-Cetto and Jorge García-Alvarez14.1 Introduction 14714.2 Case studies 15114.3 Conclusions 155Acknowledgments 156References 15615 Can there be an Ethnopharmacology of Inflammation? 159Michael Heinrich and Anthony Booker15.1 Introduction 15915.2 Ethnopharmacology of inflammation: some examples 16115.3 Conclusions 166References 16616 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors and Downstream Signalling Pathways as Cancer Treatment Targets for Medicinal Plants 169Ean-Jeong Seo, Ching-Fen Wu, Henny J. Greten and Thomas Efferth16.1 Role of epidermal growth factor receptors for cancer biology 16916.2 Inhibition of epidermal growth factor signalling by phytochemicals and medicinal plants 17116.3 Conclusions and perspectives 173References 17417 From Ethnopharmacological Field Study to Phytochemistry and Preclinical Research: The Example of Ghanaian Medicinal Plants for Improved Wound Healing 179Andreas Hensel, Emelia Kisseih, Matthias Lechtenberg, Frank Petereit, Christian Agyare and Alex Asase17.1 Introduction 17917.2 Results 18017.3 Conclusion 196References 19618 Gynaecological, Andrological and Urological Problems: An Ethnopharmacological Perspective 199Tinde van Andel, Hugo de Boer and Alexandra Towns18.1 Introduction 19918.2 Menstrual disorders 20018.3 Postpartum use 20118.4 Vaginal applications 20218.5 Female infertility 20418.6 Andrology 20418.7 Urology 206References 20719 Ethnopharmacological Aspects of Bone and Joint Health 213Elizabeth M. Williamson19.1 Introduction 21319.2 Current views of bone and joint disorders 21419.3 Traditional views of bone disorders 21619.4 Conclusions 224References 22420 Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders: An Ethnopharmacological Perspective 227Adolfo Andrade Cetto20.1 Introduction 22720.2 Type-2 diabetes 22820.3 Metabolic syndrome 23020.4 Case studies 23120.5 Conclusions 236Acknowledgments 236References 23721 The Ethnopharmacology of the Food–Medicine Interface: The Example of Marketing Traditional Products in Europe 239Gunter P. Eckert21.1 Introduction 23921.2 Medicinal products for human use 24121.3 Food 24321.4 Consumer protection - security and protection against fraud 24521.5 Intended normal use: the distinction between medicinal products and foods 24721.6 Conclusion 248References 24822 Retrospective Treatment-Outcome as a Method of Collecting Clinical Data in Ethnopharmacological Surveys 251Bertrand Graz, Merlin Willcox and Elaine Elisabetsky22.1 Introduction 25122.2 Key concepts: clinical data, outcome and patient progress 25222.3 Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of traditional medicines 25322.4 The role of ethnopharmacologists and ethnobotanists 25422.5 Collection of clinical data during ethnopharmacological field studies 25522.6 Example of a method for gathering clinical data during field surveys 25522.7 Conclusion: clinical data and field surveys for a positive impact on health 259References 260Ethnopharmacology: Regional Perspectives23 Ethnopharmacology in Sub-Sahara Africa: Current Trends and Future Perspectives 265Mack Moyo, Adeyemi O. Aremu and Johannes van Staden23.1 Introduction 26523.2 Role of traditional medicine in Africa 26623.3 Ethnopharmacological research in sub-Saharan Africa 26723.4 Challenges of traditional medicine in Africa 26923.5 Future perspectives 27223.6 Conclusions 273Acknowledgements 273References 27324 Ethnopharmacology and Integrative Medicine: An Indian Perspective 279Pulok K. Mukherjee, Sushil K. Chaudhary, Shiv Bahadur and Pratip K. Debnath24.1 Ethnopharmacology and the development of traditional medicine in India 27924.2 Biological wealth and ancient wisdom 28124.3 Indian systems of medicine 28124.4 Ayurveda: the Indian system of medicine 28224.5 Siddha 28624.6 Unani 28724.7 Traditional knowledge digital library 28724.8 Integrated approaches for the development of Indian traditional medicine 28824.9 Conclusion 289Acknowledgements 290References 29025 Chinese Medicine: Contentions and Global Complexities 293Anthony Booker25.1 Introduction 29325.2 Ancient concepts meet scientific understanding 29425.3 Traditional and modern dosage forms and application 29625.4 Medicinal plant production in China 29625.5 Quality and safety 29725.6 Aristolochic acids 29825.7 Regulatory requirements 29825.8 Training practitioners of TCM 29925.9 Future prospects 300References 30126 Chinese Medicinal Processing: A Characteristic Aspect of the Ethnopharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine 303Ping Guo, Eric Brand and Zhongzhen Zhao26.1 Introduction 30326.2 Definition, methods and historical changes in Chinese medicinal processing 30426.3 Present state of Chinese medicinal processing 31026.4 Prospect for future developments in Chinese medicinal processing 315References 31527 A South-East Asian Perspective on Ethnopharmacology 317Pravit Akarasereenont, Marianne J.R. Datiles, Natchagorn Lumlerdkij, Harisun Yaakob, Jose M. Prieto and Michael Heinrich27.1 Introduction 31727.2 Ethnopharmacology in Thailand 31927.3 Ethnopharmacology in Malaysia 32227.4 Ethnopharmacology in Indonesia 32527.5 Ethnopharmacology in the Philippines 32627.6 Ethnopharmacology in Vietnam 32827.7 Ethnopharmacology in Myanmar, Lao PDR and Cambodia 32827.8 Ethnopharmacology in Singapore and Brunei 32827.9 Conclusion 328Acknowledgement 329References 32928 Historical Approaches in Ethnopharmacology 333Andreas Lardos28.1 Introduction 33328.2 Historical texts in ethnopharmacological research 33428.3 Methodological aspects 33528.4 Challenges in the analysis of historical texts 33528.5 Opportunities offered by a historical approach 33728.6 Conclusions 338References 33929 Medical Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of Europe 343Manuel Pardo-de-Santayana, Cassandra L. Quave, Renata Sõukand and Andrea Pieroni29.1 Introduction 34329.2 A brief history of European medicinal plants studies 34429.3 Modern European medico-ethnobotanical studies 34529.4 European ethnomedicinal flora 35029.5 Adaptation, syncretism and resilience of traditional pharmacopoeias 35129.6 Pharmacological studies of European medicinal plants 35129.7 Concluding remarks 352References 35230 Ethnopharmacology in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East: ‘The Sun Rises from the East, but Shines on the Eastern Mediterranean’ 357Erdem Yesilada30.1 Introduction 35730.2 Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology in the Balkan region 35830.3 Modern ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology in the Middle East 35930.4 Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology in Turkey 36130.5 Concluding remarks 362References 36231 Ethnopharmacology in Australia and Oceania 365Graham Lloyd Jones and Nicholas J. Sadgrove31.1 Introduction 36531.2 Ethnopharmacological ‘classics’ 36731.3 Australian aromatic plants 36931.4 Recent developments: aromatic plants 37131.5 Recent developments: cancer and HIV 37631.6 Conclusion 376References 37732 Ethnopharmacology in Central and South America 379Salvador Cañigueral and Jaume Sanz-Biset32.1 Introduction 37932.2 The development of drugs 38132.3 Beyond the development of new drugs 38632.4 Bridging indigenous and western knowledge 38732.5 Hallucinogens 38832.6 Conclusion 389References 38933 Perspectives on Ethnopharmacology in Mexico 393Robert Bye and Edelmira Linares33.1 Introduction 39333.2 Mexican tradition 39433.3 Compilation of medicinal plants 39633.4 Medicinal plant complex 39833.5 Markets and medicinal plants 39933.6 Bioprospection and conservation 39933.7 Conclusions 401Acknowledgements 401References 40134 Encounters with Elephants: A Personal Perspective on Ethnopharmacology 405Peter J. Houghton34.1 Introduction 40534.2 The primacy of plants 40634.3 Sources: dirty hands and databases 40634.4 From cultural use to chemistry 40734.5 Chemistry as a starter 40734.6 Botany as a basis 40834.7 Of mice and men and microwell plates 40834.8 Aims and ethics 40934.9 Molecules and mixtures 41034.10 Tales of the unexpected 41034.11 The end of the matter 411References 411Index 415