STEFAN G. HOFMANN, PhD, is Professor of Psychology in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Boston University, where he directs the Psychotherapy and Emotion Research Laboratory. His main research focuses on the mechanism of treatment change, translating discoveries from neuroscience into clinical applications, emotion regulation strategies, and cultural expressions of psychopathology. He is the author of more than three hundred scientific publications and twenty books. He is a Highly Cited Researcher by Thomson Reuters, and has many other awards.

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• Notes on Contributors xvPreface xxiii1 Research Methods 1Julian A. Rubel and Wolfgang LutzIntroduction 1Research on the Frequency, Cause, and Prevention of Psychological Problems, and Disorders 1Epidemiology 1Etiology and Analytical Epidemiology 2Prevention 3Evaluating Clinical Interventions and Treatments 3Does the Intervention Work? 4Quantifying the Effects of an Intervention 6Integrating the Results from Multiple Studies—Meta-analyses 7Is the Intervention Effective for this Specific Patient? 8How, for Whom, and under which Conditions do Clinical Interventions Work? 10Summary 122 Classification Systems across the Globe 15Jan Christopher Cwik and Jürgen MargrafIntroduction 15Classification Systems in Western Cultures 16Atheoretical Classification Systems 16The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 16The International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD) 17Theory-based Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Classification Systems 18Classification Systems in Non-Western Cultures 19The Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD) 20Specific Classification Systems 22Specific Categorical Classification Systems 22Specific Noncategorical Classification Systems 233 Clinical Interviewing with Adults 29Christopher C. Conway, Michelle L. Bourgeois, and Timothy A. BrownIntroduction 29Goals of the Clinical Interview 29Elements of the Clinical Interview 30Diagnostic Criteria 30Risk Assessment 32Behavioral Observation 33Psychosocial Assessment 34Interviewing Techniques 35Reliability and Validity of Interviews 36Integrating Cultural Context in Interviews 38Actuarial Judgment 38Functional Analysis 39Differential Diagnosis 40Summary 404 Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents 43Eva Charlotte Merten and Silvia SchneiderIntroduction 43Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents 45Implementation of Clinical Interviews 51Diagnostics with Children Needs Training! 51Age, Age, Age . . . 52Interviews with Preschool Children 52Are Children Reliable Informants? 53Difficulties in Daily Practice 56Difficulties on the Patient's Side 56Difficulties regarding Taxonomy 57Difficulties on the Diagnostician’s Side 57Everything Perfect? How Often are Structured Interviews used in Clinical Practice? 58Summary 595 Psychological Tests 65Robert J. CraigIntroduction 65Principles and Properties of Psychological Tests 66Types of Psychological Tests 66Objective Personality Tests 67The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI/MMPI-2) 67Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) 69The Personality Assessment Inventory 72The NEO-PI-R 72Conclusion 73Projective Clinical Assessment Instruments 73Rorschach Inkblot Test 73Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 73Other Instruments 74Computer Test Interpretation 74Recent Challenges 756 A Global Perspective on Neuropsychological Assessment 81Rachel N. Casas, Matthew Calamia, and Daniel TranelIntroduction 81Overlapping Histories: Neuropsychological Assessment 82Purposes of Neuropsychological Assessment 83Classification of Behavior and Cognition in Neuropsychological Assessment 85Emotionality 86Executive Functions 87Neuropsychological Assessment: Approaches and Methods 87Approaches Emphasizing Qualitative Methods 87Approaches Emphasizing Quantitative Methods 88Critical Considerations for Neuropsychological Assessment in a Global Society 89Interpretation of Neuropsychological Assessment Results 91Feedback and Recommendations 93Future Directions for Neuropsychological Assessment: A Global Perspective 947 Culturally Informed Neuropsychological Assessment 99Rosemary ToomeyIntroduction 99The Field of Clinical Neuropsychology 99Clinical Neuropsychology Assessment 100Intelligence 101Achievement 103Attention 103Memory 103Language 104Executive Functioning 104Visual Spatial 105Motor Functioning 105Crosscultural Considerations in Clinical Neuropsychology 105Are Nonverbal Tests Culture Free? 106Bilingualism 106Translating Tests 107Literacy 107Norming by Race or Country 108Acculturation 108Interaction of Different Subject Characteristics 109Child Neuropsychology 109Reading Disorder: A Lens through which to View Crosscultural Issues 109Research Study 110Clinical Case Study 111Background 111Test Performance 111Interpretation 112Diagnosis and Recommendations 112Summary 1138 Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate 119Thomas H. Ollendick, Peter Muris, and Cecilia A. EssauIntroduction 119Defining Evidence-Based Treatments 120Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate 121Conclusions 1289 Childhood and Adolescent Disorders 135Amie E. Grills and Melissa K. HoltNeurodevelopmental Disorders 136Intellectual Disabilities 136Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 137Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) 138Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 138Communication Disorders 139Motor Disorders 141Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders 142Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) 143Conduct Disorder (CD) 144Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) 144Summary 14510 Mood Disorders 153Ulrich Stangier and Elisabeth A. ArensSymptomatology and Classification of Mood Disorders 153Epidemiology 156Depressive Disorders 156Bipolar and Related Disorders 157Assessment 157Treatment 158Basic Strategies 158Behavioral Activation 160Cognitive Therapy 161Interpersonal Approaches 162Psychological Treatments for Recurrent and Persistent Depression 163Psychological Treatments for Bipolar Disorder 164Empirical Evidence for the Efficacy of Psychological Treatments in Mood Disorders 165Conclusions 16611 Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders 173Kirstyn L. Krause and Martin M. AntonyTreatment of Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders 173Overview of Anxiety and OC-related Disorders 173Diagnostic Features 173Epidemiological Features 174Treatment of Anxiety and OC-Related Disorders 177Psychoeducation 177Motivational Enhancement 177Self-Monitoring 178Cognitive Strategies 178Exposure-Based Strategies 179Relaxation-Based Strategies 180Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Strategies 181Habit Reversal 181Social-Skills Training 182Problem-Solving Training 182Pharmacotherapy 182Psychological Treatments for Particular Disorders 183Cultural Considerations in Treatment 184Summary 18512 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 191Richard A. BryantDefinition 191Prevalence of PTSD 193The Course of PTSD 193Comorbidity 194Theoretical Models of PTSD 194Risk Factors 195Treating PTSD 197Early Intervention for PTSD 198Complex PTSD 199Conclusions 20013 Eating Disorders 209Brunna Tuschen-Caffier and Jennifer SvaldiPsychopathology of Eating Disorders 209Classification of Eating Disorders 209Epidemiology and Comorbidity 211Physical Symptoms and Risks 212Differential Diagnosis 212Assessment 212Development, First Onset and Maintenance Factors 213Treatment 215Cognitive-affective Preparation for Therapy 215Nutritional Management 217Improvement in Body Image Disturbances 218Enhancement of Stress Management including Interpersonal Conflict Management 219Cognitive Interventions 219Maintenance of Therapeutic Gains and Prevention of Relapses 220Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 22014 Sexual Dysfunctions 225Pedro J. NobreIntroduction 225Classification of Sexual Dysfunctions 225Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions 226Risk Factors for Sexual Dysfunction 227Sociodemographic, Relationship and Health Risk Factors 227Psychological Factors and Sexual Dysfunction 228Trait Factors 228Psychological Processing Factors 229Psychological Models of Sexual Dysfunction 230Masters and Johnson Psychophysiological Model 230Barlow’s Cognitive-Affective Model 230Nobre’s Cognitive-Emotional Model 231Treatments for Sexual Dysfunction 231Review of Treatment Outcome Studies for Sexual Dysfunction 233Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Sexual Dysfunction 234Cognitive Restructuring 235Brief Summary 23515 Couple Distress 243Mehmet Zihni SungurIntroduction 243What are the Processes that Differentiate Functional Couples from Dysfunctional Ones? 244Assessment of the Couples 245Goal Setting in Couple Therapy 246Couple Therapy: Strategies and Techniques 247Difficulties with Promoting Change: Difficulties Encountered during Couple Therapy Practice 247Treatment Issues: Couple Therapy 249Treatment Approaches for Intervention 249Behavioral Approaches 250Cognitive-Behavioral Couple Therapy (CBCT) Approaches 251Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) 253Behavioral Systems Approach to Couple Problems 253Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFCT) 254Strategic Approaches and Brief Strategic Couple Therapy (BSCT) 255Solution-Focused Approaches and Brief Solution-Focused Therapy (BSFT) 255Psychoanalytical Approaches 25616 Somatic Symptom Disorders 261Maria Kleinstäuber and Winfried RiefIntroduction 261Classifying and Diagnosing SSRD 262Diagnostic Categories According to DSM-5, DSM-IV, and ICD-10 262Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) 262Illness Anxiety Disorder 264Other SSRD 264Critical Reflection on Changes from DSM-IV, and ICD-10 to DSM-5 265Classifying Specific Functional Somatic Syndromes 266Specific Cultural Syndromes of Distress 267Empirically Supported Psychological Interventions for SSRD 267Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) 267Other Psychological Interventions for SSRD 273Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy 273General Practitioner (GP) and Reattribution Training 274Empirical Evidence for Psychological Interventions in SSRD 274Transcultural Aspects in Psychological Interventions for SSRD 276Summary and Conclusion 27617 Psychotic Disorders 283Tania LincolnIntroduction 283Description of the Disorder 283Symptoms 284Diagnostic Criteria 285Differential Diagnosis 285Comorbid Disorders and Suicidality 286Epidemiology, Course of the Disorder and Prognosis 286Etiology 287Genetic Risk Factors 287Prenatal and Perinatal Risk Factors 287Psychosocial Risk Factors 287Psychological Models of Explanation: Interplay of Vulnerability, Stressors and Symptoms 288Neurochemical Models of Explanation: Excess Dopamine 289Integrative Models: Integrating Genes, Environment, Neurochemistry and Cognitive Schema 290Assessment 291Pharmacological Treatment 291Psychological Interventions 293Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp) 293Empirical Evidence for CBTp in Schizophrenia 298Family Behavioral Interventions 299Effectiveness of Psychoeducational Behavioral Family Interventions 301Other Psychological Approaches and their Effectiveness 301Summary and Outlook 30218 Neurobiology and Pharmacological Treatment of Mental Disorders 309Borwin BandelowIntroduction 309Mood Disorders 312Depression 312Bipolar Disorders 314Psychotic Disorders 314Anxiety Disorders 316Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 317Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 317Somatic Symptom Disorders 318Substance-Related Disorders 318Alcohol Addiction 318Opioid Addiction 319Dependence on Prescription Drugs 319Eating Disorders 319Personality Disorders 320Borderline Personality Disorder 320Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) 320Dementia 321Sleep Disorders 321Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 321Summary 32219 Mindfulness-Based Interventions 327Bram Van Bockstaele, Elske Salemink, Brian D. Ostafin, Anne Marie Meijer, and Susan M. BögelsPopular Mindfulness-Based Interventions 327Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction 327Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy 328Application of Mindfulness in Mental Health Care 328Psychoeducation Example 329Meditation Practice Example 329Inquiry Example 330Homework Example 330Effects of Mindfulness-based Interventions on Psychological Disorders 330Neurodevelopmental Disorders 330Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders 331Bipolar and Related Disorders 332Depressive Disorders 332Anxiety Disorders 333Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 334Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders 334Feeding and Eating Disorders 335Sleep-Wake Disorders 336Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders 336Neurocognitive Disorders 337Discussion 338Acknowledgments 34020 Internet-Based Treatments 347Gerhard Andersson and Thomas BergerIntroduction 347Are Internet Treatments Effective? 348The “How” Question 349A Research Agenda for the World? 350Challenges for the Future 351Summary 35321 Virtual Reality 361Cristina Botella, Rosa M. Baños, Azucena García-Palacios, and Soledad QueroIntroduction 361Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Different Psychological Disorders and Health Problems 362Virtual Reality as an Ecological Context for Assessing Human Behavior 363Virtual Reality as a Realistic Laboratory Setting for Psychopathology 365Mood-Induction Procedures 365Study of Cognitive Biases 365Study of Psychotic Phenomena 366Study of the Self and Embodiment Processes 367Virual Reality Developments for the Treatment of Different Mental and Health Conditions 367Specific Phobias 368Social Anxiety Disorder 369Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia 369Generalized Anxiety Disorder 370Stress-Related Disorders 370Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Health Conditions 372Future Perspectives and Ethical Implications of VR 373Summary 37422 Working Alliance 383Nicole Everitt, Brad Cini, and Nikolaos KazantzisMeasurement 384California Psychotherapy Alliance Scales (CALPAS; Marmar & Gaston, 1988) 384Penn Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAq; Luborsky, 1976) 384Vanderbilt Therapeutic Alliance Scale (VTAS; Hartley & Strupp, 1983) 384Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) 384Evidence for Relations with Outcome 384Temporal Precedence 386Impact of Alliance Rater and Time of Assessment 386Adapting Working Alliance Based on Patient Characteristics 387Evidence for Patient Characteristics in Alliance Research 388Further Critique 388Patient Matching 389The Therapeutic Relationship is More Than the Working Alliance: The Case of Cognitive Behavior Therapy 389Collaboration 390Conclusion 39123 Culture in Clinical Psychology: Adapting Treatments 399Anushka Patel and Devon E. HintonWhy do we Need Culturally Adapted Treatments? 400How to Adapt: Develop New Treatments or Modify what Works? 401Evidence for Efficacy of Cultural Adaptation: What to Adapt 402A Model of Anxiety Generation across Cultural Contexts 403How to Culturally Adapt Treatment? 405Key Treatment Targets 405Psychoeducation and Treatment Engagement 406Teaching Emotion Regulation in a Culturally Appropriate Way 408Culturally Appropriate Exposure 409Summary 411Index 419

STEFAN G. HOFMANN, PhD, is Professor of Psychology in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Boston University, where he directs the Psychotherapy and Emotion Research Laboratory. His main research focuses on the mechanism of treatment change, translating discoveries from neuroscience into clinical applications, emotion regulation strategies, and cultural expressions of psychopathology. He is the author of more than three hundred scientific publications and twenty books. He is a Highly Cited Researcher by Thomson Reuters, and has many other awards.

Select Guide Rating

• Notes on Contributors xvPreface xxiii1 Research Methods 1Julian A. Rubel and Wolfgang LutzIntroduction 1Research on the Frequency, Cause, and Prevention of Psychological Problems, and Disorders 1Epidemiology 1Etiology and Analytical Epidemiology 2Prevention 3Evaluating Clinical Interventions and Treatments 3Does the Intervention Work? 4Quantifying the Effects of an Intervention 6Integrating the Results from Multiple Studies—Meta-analyses 7Is the Intervention Effective for this Specific Patient? 8How, for Whom, and under which Conditions do Clinical Interventions Work? 10Summary 122 Classification Systems across the Globe 15Jan Christopher Cwik and Jürgen MargrafIntroduction 15Classification Systems in Western Cultures 16Atheoretical Classification Systems 16The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 16The International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD) 17Theory-based Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Classification Systems 18Classification Systems in Non-Western Cultures 19The Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD) 20Specific Classification Systems 22Specific Categorical Classification Systems 22Specific Noncategorical Classification Systems 233 Clinical Interviewing with Adults 29Christopher C. Conway, Michelle L. Bourgeois, and Timothy A. BrownIntroduction 29Goals of the Clinical Interview 29Elements of the Clinical Interview 30Diagnostic Criteria 30Risk Assessment 32Behavioral Observation 33Psychosocial Assessment 34Interviewing Techniques 35Reliability and Validity of Interviews 36Integrating Cultural Context in Interviews 38Actuarial Judgment 38Functional Analysis 39Differential Diagnosis 40Summary 404 Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents 43Eva Charlotte Merten and Silvia SchneiderIntroduction 43Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents 45Implementation of Clinical Interviews 51Diagnostics with Children Needs Training! 51Age, Age, Age . . . 52Interviews with Preschool Children 52Are Children Reliable Informants? 53Difficulties in Daily Practice 56Difficulties on the Patient's Side 56Difficulties regarding Taxonomy 57Difficulties on the Diagnostician’s Side 57Everything Perfect? How Often are Structured Interviews used in Clinical Practice? 58Summary 595 Psychological Tests 65Robert J. CraigIntroduction 65Principles and Properties of Psychological Tests 66Types of Psychological Tests 66Objective Personality Tests 67The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI/MMPI-2) 67Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) 69The Personality Assessment Inventory 72The NEO-PI-R 72Conclusion 73Projective Clinical Assessment Instruments 73Rorschach Inkblot Test 73Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 73Other Instruments 74Computer Test Interpretation 74Recent Challenges 756 A Global Perspective on Neuropsychological Assessment 81Rachel N. Casas, Matthew Calamia, and Daniel TranelIntroduction 81Overlapping Histories: Neuropsychological Assessment 82Purposes of Neuropsychological Assessment 83Classification of Behavior and Cognition in Neuropsychological Assessment 85Emotionality 86Executive Functions 87Neuropsychological Assessment: Approaches and Methods 87Approaches Emphasizing Qualitative Methods 87Approaches Emphasizing Quantitative Methods 88Critical Considerations for Neuropsychological Assessment in a Global Society 89Interpretation of Neuropsychological Assessment Results 91Feedback and Recommendations 93Future Directions for Neuropsychological Assessment: A Global Perspective 947 Culturally Informed Neuropsychological Assessment 99Rosemary ToomeyIntroduction 99The Field of Clinical Neuropsychology 99Clinical Neuropsychology Assessment 100Intelligence 101Achievement 103Attention 103Memory 103Language 104Executive Functioning 104Visual Spatial 105Motor Functioning 105Crosscultural Considerations in Clinical Neuropsychology 105Are Nonverbal Tests Culture Free? 106Bilingualism 106Translating Tests 107Literacy 107Norming by Race or Country 108Acculturation 108Interaction of Different Subject Characteristics 109Child Neuropsychology 109Reading Disorder: A Lens through which to View Crosscultural Issues 109Research Study 110Clinical Case Study 111Background 111Test Performance 111Interpretation 112Diagnosis and Recommendations 112Summary 1138 Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate 119Thomas H. Ollendick, Peter Muris, and Cecilia A. EssauIntroduction 119Defining Evidence-Based Treatments 120Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate 121Conclusions 1289 Childhood and Adolescent Disorders 135Amie E. Grills and Melissa K. HoltNeurodevelopmental Disorders 136Intellectual Disabilities 136Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 137Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) 138Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 138Communication Disorders 139Motor Disorders 141Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders 142Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) 143Conduct Disorder (CD) 144Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) 144Summary 14510 Mood Disorders 153Ulrich Stangier and Elisabeth A. ArensSymptomatology and Classification of Mood Disorders 153Epidemiology 156Depressive Disorders 156Bipolar and Related Disorders 157Assessment 157Treatment 158Basic Strategies 158Behavioral Activation 160Cognitive Therapy 161Interpersonal Approaches 162Psychological Treatments for Recurrent and Persistent Depression 163Psychological Treatments for Bipolar Disorder 164Empirical Evidence for the Efficacy of Psychological Treatments in Mood Disorders 165Conclusions 16611 Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders 173Kirstyn L. Krause and Martin M. AntonyTreatment of Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders 173Overview of Anxiety and OC-related Disorders 173Diagnostic Features 173Epidemiological Features 174Treatment of Anxiety and OC-Related Disorders 177Psychoeducation 177Motivational Enhancement 177Self-Monitoring 178Cognitive Strategies 178Exposure-Based Strategies 179Relaxation-Based Strategies 180Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Strategies 181Habit Reversal 181Social-Skills Training 182Problem-Solving Training 182Pharmacotherapy 182Psychological Treatments for Particular Disorders 183Cultural Considerations in Treatment 184Summary 18512 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 191Richard A. BryantDefinition 191Prevalence of PTSD 193The Course of PTSD 193Comorbidity 194Theoretical Models of PTSD 194Risk Factors 195Treating PTSD 197Early Intervention for PTSD 198Complex PTSD 199Conclusions 20013 Eating Disorders 209Brunna Tuschen-Caffier and Jennifer SvaldiPsychopathology of Eating Disorders 209Classification of Eating Disorders 209Epidemiology and Comorbidity 211Physical Symptoms and Risks 212Differential Diagnosis 212Assessment 212Development, First Onset and Maintenance Factors 213Treatment 215Cognitive-affective Preparation for Therapy 215Nutritional Management 217Improvement in Body Image Disturbances 218Enhancement of Stress Management including Interpersonal Conflict Management 219Cognitive Interventions 219Maintenance of Therapeutic Gains and Prevention of Relapses 220Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 22014 Sexual Dysfunctions 225Pedro J. NobreIntroduction 225Classification of Sexual Dysfunctions 225Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions 226Risk Factors for Sexual Dysfunction 227Sociodemographic, Relationship and Health Risk Factors 227Psychological Factors and Sexual Dysfunction 228Trait Factors 228Psychological Processing Factors 229Psychological Models of Sexual Dysfunction 230Masters and Johnson Psychophysiological Model 230Barlow’s Cognitive-Affective Model 230Nobre’s Cognitive-Emotional Model 231Treatments for Sexual Dysfunction 231Review of Treatment Outcome Studies for Sexual Dysfunction 233Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Sexual Dysfunction 234Cognitive Restructuring 235Brief Summary 23515 Couple Distress 243Mehmet Zihni SungurIntroduction 243What are the Processes that Differentiate Functional Couples from Dysfunctional Ones? 244Assessment of the Couples 245Goal Setting in Couple Therapy 246Couple Therapy: Strategies and Techniques 247Difficulties with Promoting Change: Difficulties Encountered during Couple Therapy Practice 247Treatment Issues: Couple Therapy 249Treatment Approaches for Intervention 249Behavioral Approaches 250Cognitive-Behavioral Couple Therapy (CBCT) Approaches 251Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) 253Behavioral Systems Approach to Couple Problems 253Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFCT) 254Strategic Approaches and Brief Strategic Couple Therapy (BSCT) 255Solution-Focused Approaches and Brief Solution-Focused Therapy (BSFT) 255Psychoanalytical Approaches 25616 Somatic Symptom Disorders 261Maria Kleinstäuber and Winfried RiefIntroduction 261Classifying and Diagnosing SSRD 262Diagnostic Categories According to DSM-5, DSM-IV, and ICD-10 262Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) 262Illness Anxiety Disorder 264Other SSRD 264Critical Reflection on Changes from DSM-IV, and ICD-10 to DSM-5 265Classifying Specific Functional Somatic Syndromes 266Specific Cultural Syndromes of Distress 267Empirically Supported Psychological Interventions for SSRD 267Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) 267Other Psychological Interventions for SSRD 273Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy 273General Practitioner (GP) and Reattribution Training 274Empirical Evidence for Psychological Interventions in SSRD 274Transcultural Aspects in Psychological Interventions for SSRD 276Summary and Conclusion 27617 Psychotic Disorders 283Tania LincolnIntroduction 283Description of the Disorder 283Symptoms 284Diagnostic Criteria 285Differential Diagnosis 285Comorbid Disorders and Suicidality 286Epidemiology, Course of the Disorder and Prognosis 286Etiology 287Genetic Risk Factors 287Prenatal and Perinatal Risk Factors 287Psychosocial Risk Factors 287Psychological Models of Explanation: Interplay of Vulnerability, Stressors and Symptoms 288Neurochemical Models of Explanation: Excess Dopamine 289Integrative Models: Integrating Genes, Environment, Neurochemistry and Cognitive Schema 290Assessment 291Pharmacological Treatment 291Psychological Interventions 293Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp) 293Empirical Evidence for CBTp in Schizophrenia 298Family Behavioral Interventions 299Effectiveness of Psychoeducational Behavioral Family Interventions 301Other Psychological Approaches and their Effectiveness 301Summary and Outlook 30218 Neurobiology and Pharmacological Treatment of Mental Disorders 309Borwin BandelowIntroduction 309Mood Disorders 312Depression 312Bipolar Disorders 314Psychotic Disorders 314Anxiety Disorders 316Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 317Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 317Somatic Symptom Disorders 318Substance-Related Disorders 318Alcohol Addiction 318Opioid Addiction 319Dependence on Prescription Drugs 319Eating Disorders 319Personality Disorders 320Borderline Personality Disorder 320Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) 320Dementia 321Sleep Disorders 321Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 321Summary 32219 Mindfulness-Based Interventions 327Bram Van Bockstaele, Elske Salemink, Brian D. Ostafin, Anne Marie Meijer, and Susan M. BögelsPopular Mindfulness-Based Interventions 327Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction 327Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy 328Application of Mindfulness in Mental Health Care 328Psychoeducation Example 329Meditation Practice Example 329Inquiry Example 330Homework Example 330Effects of Mindfulness-based Interventions on Psychological Disorders 330Neurodevelopmental Disorders 330Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders 331Bipolar and Related Disorders 332Depressive Disorders 332Anxiety Disorders 333Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 334Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders 334Feeding and Eating Disorders 335Sleep-Wake Disorders 336Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders 336Neurocognitive Disorders 337Discussion 338Acknowledgments 34020 Internet-Based Treatments 347Gerhard Andersson and Thomas BergerIntroduction 347Are Internet Treatments Effective? 348The “How” Question 349A Research Agenda for the World? 350Challenges for the Future 351Summary 35321 Virtual Reality 361Cristina Botella, Rosa M. Baños, Azucena García-Palacios, and Soledad QueroIntroduction 361Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Different Psychological Disorders and Health Problems 362Virtual Reality as an Ecological Context for Assessing Human Behavior 363Virtual Reality as a Realistic Laboratory Setting for Psychopathology 365Mood-Induction Procedures 365Study of Cognitive Biases 365Study of Psychotic Phenomena 366Study of the Self and Embodiment Processes 367Virual Reality Developments for the Treatment of Different Mental and Health Conditions 367Specific Phobias 368Social Anxiety Disorder 369Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia 369Generalized Anxiety Disorder 370Stress-Related Disorders 370Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Health Conditions 372Future Perspectives and Ethical Implications of VR 373Summary 37422 Working Alliance 383Nicole Everitt, Brad Cini, and Nikolaos KazantzisMeasurement 384California Psychotherapy Alliance Scales (CALPAS; Marmar & Gaston, 1988) 384Penn Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAq; Luborsky, 1976) 384Vanderbilt Therapeutic Alliance Scale (VTAS; Hartley & Strupp, 1983) 384Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) 384Evidence for Relations with Outcome 384Temporal Precedence 386Impact of Alliance Rater and Time of Assessment 386Adapting Working Alliance Based on Patient Characteristics 387Evidence for Patient Characteristics in Alliance Research 388Further Critique 388Patient Matching 389The Therapeutic Relationship is More Than the Working Alliance: The Case of Cognitive Behavior Therapy 389Collaboration 390Conclusion 39123 Culture in Clinical Psychology: Adapting Treatments 399Anushka Patel and Devon E. HintonWhy do we Need Culturally Adapted Treatments? 400How to Adapt: Develop New Treatments or Modify what Works? 401Evidence for Efficacy of Cultural Adaptation: What to Adapt 402A Model of Anxiety Generation across Cultural Contexts 403How to Culturally Adapt Treatment? 405Key Treatment Targets 405Psychoeducation and Treatment Engagement 406Teaching Emotion Regulation in a Culturally Appropriate Way 408Culturally Appropriate Exposure 409Summary 411Index 419