BERNARDO J. CARDUCCI, PHD, was professor of psychology at Indiana University Southeast where he taught classes on personality psychology and introductory psychology for 37 years, and was director of the IU Southeast Shyness Research Institute. He authored several books on shyness, including The Pocket Guide to Making Successful Small Talk: How to Talk to Anyone Anytime Anywhere About Anything and Shyness: A Bold New Approach. His text, Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications, is currently in its third edition.CHRISTOPHER S. NAVE, PHD, is the Managing Director of the interdisciplinary Master of Behavioral and Decision Sciences program at the University of Pennsylvania. His areas of expertise include multi-method design, behavioral observation, personality stability, personality judgment and well-being. His publications have appeared in top academic journals and handbooks and have been featured in the popular press.

• Volume 1Contributor Biographies ixGordon Allport 1Roy F. Baumeister 11Jack Block 17David M. Buss 21Paul T. Costa Jr. 25Robert McCrae 29Ed Diener 35Erik H. Erikson 45Hans J. Eysenck 51David Funder 57Lewis R. Goldberg 63Karen Horney 67Carl Jung 73Abraham H. Maslow 79Dan McAdams 83Walter Mischel 89Carl Rogers 95George Kelly 101Agreeableness 105Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler 111Animal Personalities 117Conscientiousness 123Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS) 129Cattell Trait Theory Lexical Analysis 135Interpersonal Circumplex 141Psychodynamic Perspective of Defense Mechanisms 147Delay of Gratification 153Extraversion – Introversion 159Ego Control/Ego Resiliency Theory (ARCH) 165Emotional Intelligence 173Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development 179Evolutionary Theory of Personality 185Psychoticism 199Five Factor Model, Facets of 203Gender Differences in Personality, Evolutionary Perspective on 209Contemporary Theories of Gender Identity 215Gene-environment Interaction 221Goldberg vs Costa/McCrae Five Factors 225Grit 231Hedonic Adaptation 237Heritability 243HEXACO Model of Personality 249Independent/Interdependent Self 257Personal Construct Theory of George A. Kelly 263Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 269Meaning in Life 275Neuroticism 281Narrative Approach 287Openness 293Optimism/Pessimism Carver and Scheier Theory 299Personal Projects 305Personality and Language 311Personality Stability and Change over Time 317Personality in Culture 323Personality Stability over Time 329Priming 335Realistic Accuracy Model 341Rejection Sensitivity 351Resilience Theory of, Not Just the Trait Dimension 357Schemas, Theory of 363Self-Determination Theory 369Self-efficacy Theory 375Self-esteem, Theory of 381Self-Monitoring, Theory of 387Self-other Interjudge Agreement; Theory of Accuracy 393Self-Presentation Theory/Impression Management 397Social Learning Theory/Social Cognitive Theory 401Terror Management Theory 407Trait Theory of Allport 413Whole Trait Theory 417Index 423Volume 2Contributor Biographies xiTheoretical and Methodological Issues in Personality Research: General Concerns and Considerations 1Cross-Cultural Research, Methodological Issues of 13Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Research 19Longitudinal Research 25Person-Situation Interactions 31Researcher Biases 37Unconscious Processes 43Cognitive Methods in Personality Research 49Experimental Approaches 55Historiometry 61Internet Research in Personality 67Linguistic Analysis in Personality Research (including the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) 73Personal Narratives 79Personality Development Across the Lifespan 85Personality in Non-Humans 91Physical and Virtual Spaces 97Psychobiography and Case Study Methods 103Factor Analysis in Personality Research 109Meta-analysis in Personality Research 113Multiple Regression in Personality Research 119Path Analysis in Personality Research 125Size Effects in Personality Research 131Structural Equation Modeling in Personality Research 137Acculturation Considerations in Personality Assessment 143Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) 149Culture-Free/Fair Intelligence Testing 153Item Analysis 159Reliability, Issues of 165Issues of Response Styles 169Responsibilities of Testing Professionals 175Rights of Test-takers 181Validity, Issues of 187Aggressiveness, Assessment of 191Anger and Hostility, Assessment of 197Anxiety, Assessment of 203Jealousy, Assessment of 209Love and Attraction, Assessment of 215Masculinity and Femininity 219Narcissism, Assessment of 225Optimism/Pessimism, Assessment of 231Positive and Negative Affective States, Assessment of 237Self-Esteem, Assessment of 243Self-monitoring (to include the Self-Monitoring Scale), Assessment of 249Self-regulation, Assessment of 255Self-consciousness, Assessment of 261Subjective Well-being, Assessment of 267California Psychological Inventory (CPI) 273Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP) 279Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised 283Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) 287Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 293Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire 309Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 315Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (NPQ) 321Objective-Analytic Test Battery (OA TB) 325Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) 329Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) 335Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ) 351Projective Techniques, General Features and Methodological Issues 357Assessing Implicit Motives 363The Rorschach Test 367Tell-Me-A-Story (TEMAS) 377Thematic Apperception Test 381Word-Related and Figure-Construction Projection Techniques 387Behavioral Genetics, General Features and Methodological Issues 393Biochemical Assessment 397Human Genome Project and Personality 403Model Fitting 409Twin Studies in Personality Research 415Behavioral Assessment Techniques, General Features and Methodological Issues 421Behavioral Assessment Techniques of Personality in Children 427Cognitive-Behavioral and Cognitive–Self-Report Assessment Techniques 433Self-monitoring Behavioral Assessment Techniques 439Assessment of Intelligence, General Features and Methodological Issues 447Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition 451Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAISC-IV) 457Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) 465Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) 473Intelligence-Personality Association, Assessment of 477Abilities, General Features and Methodological Issues 483Assessment of Antisocial Behavior 487Career and Vocational Interests and Abilities, Assessment of 493Cognitive Aging, Assessment of 499Creativity, Assessment of 503Educational Ability Testing (GRE/MAT/MCAT/LSAT) 509Emotional Intelligence, Assessment of 513Genius, Assessment of 519Mental Competency, Assessment of 523The Wechsler Memory Scales (WMS-IV) 529Anne Anastasi 533Jens B. Asendorpf 543James N. Butcher 547Charles S. Carver 553Lee J. Cronbach 557Turhan Canli 563Philip J. Corr 569John M. (Jack) Digman 573John E. Exner, Jr. 577Oliver P. John 581Henry A. Murray 587Jack A. Naglieri 597Warren T. Norman 601William Revelle 605Michael F. Scheier 611Mark Snyder 617David Wechsler 621Index 625Volume 3Contributor Biographies xiAdaptability 1Aggression, Personality Correlates 7Altruism 13Alexithymia 19Androgyny, Expression of 25Anger 31Anxiety 37Authoritarianism 43Personality Correlates of Behavioral Inhibition/Activation 49Big Five Model of Personality 55Cognitive and Personality Correlates of Achievement 61Compassion 67Compulsive Personality 73Coping 79Core Self-Evaluation 83Creativity 89Culture and Personality 95Dark Triad 101Decisional Styles 107Defense Mechanisms, Contemporary Perspectives 113Depression 119Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed.: DSM-5 125Empathy, Personality Correlates of 131Emotional Competence 137Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship, Personality Correlates of 143Evolutionary Theory and Personality Correlates of Mate Selection 149Eysenck Giant Three 155Extraversion, Personality Correlates of 161Flow 167Gender Differences in Aggression 173Gender Differences in Perceived Traits of Men and Women 179Gender Differences in Self-esteem and Self-confidence 185Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being 191General Personality Factor 195Genetic Basis of Personality 201Gene–Environment Interaction 207Genius, Personality Correlates of 211Guilt 217Health and Personality 221Honesty 227Hopelessness 231Hostility, Personality Correlates of 237Impulsivity 243Intuition 249Policy Researcher and Educator: Originally it was Independent Researcher and Policy Analyst 255Judgments of Personality 261Learned Helplessness 269Life Satisfaction 275Locus of Control, Personality Correlates of 281Loneliness 287Mindfulness 293Motivation (Achievement, Affiliation, Power) 299Neuroticism, Personality Correlates of 305Obsessive Personality 311Optimism and Pessimism: Conceptualization, Personality Correlates, and Contextual Considerations 317Perfectionism 323Persistence, Personality Correlates 329Personality Development 335Phobia 339Positive Self-capital 345Psychopathy 351Religiosity 357Risk Taking 363Self-concept, Expressions of the 369Self-control 375Self-construal 381Self-efficacy 387Self-efficacy, Career 393Self-esteem, Expressions of 399Self-regulation 405Sensation Seeking 411Shyness 41716PF, Correlates of 423Social Desirability 429Social Intelligence 435Temperament, Personality Correlates of 439Test Anxiety 445Trauma 451Trustworthiness 457Twin Studies and Personality 461Unconscious Processes, Expression of Personality Process 465Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 469Jeffrey A. Gray 473Douglas N. Jackson 479John F. Kihlstrom 483Salvatore R. Maddi 489Julie K. Norem 493Robert J. Plomin 497Julian B. Rotter 501Mark Savickas 505Dean Keith Simonton 511Marvin Zuckerman 517Raymond B. Cattell 521Index 529Volume 4Contributor Biographies xiClinical Applications of Psychodynamic Theories of Personality 1Clinical Applications of Behavioral Theory of Personality 19Clinical Applications of Humanistic Theory of Personality 27Clinical Applications of Cognitive Behavioral Theory of Personality 37Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder 55Personality and Depression 61Dissociative Disorders 67Autism Spectrum Disorder 75Addictive Personality and Substance Abuse Disorders (SUD) 81Borderline Personality Disorder 89Antisocial Personality Disorder 97Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 103Narcissistic Personality Disorder 109Schizotypal Personality Disorder 115Avoidant Personality Disorder 121Sadism and Masochism 127Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology 133Eating Disorders 139Neuropsychiatric Disorders 145Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 151Individual Differences and Sleep Disorders 157Pain and Personality 163Personality and Sexual Dysfunctions 169Paranoid Personality Disorder 175Schizoid Personality Disorder 181Histrionic Personality Disorder 187Dependent Personality Disorder 193Individual Differences in Acculturation 199Allocentrism vs. Idiocentrism 205Monolingualism, Bilingualism, Multilingualism 209Monocultural versus Multicultural 215Biculturalism 221Biracial and Multiracial Individuals 227Social Class 233Cultural Encapsulation 239Machismo 243Marianismo 247Visible Racial/Ethnic Group (VREG) 253Cross-Cultural Emotional Expression 257Culturally Adapted Psychotherapy 263Cultural Intelligence 269Personality and Prejudice 275Universality vs. Cultural Specificity of Personality 281Individualism vs. Collectivism 287Personality and Geography 299Personality Psychology in Japan 305Personality Psychology in Africa 311Personality Psychology in China 317Personality Psychology in Central and South America 323Personality Psychology from an Islamic Perspective 329Tiger Mother 335Native Hawaiian Personality 341Personality and Aging 347Personality and Longevity 353Personality and Health 359Personality and Well-being 365Self-Healing and Disease-Prone Personalities 371Individual Differences in Coping with Stress 377Type A/B Personalities 383Personality and Cancer 387Resiliency and Hardiness 393Personality and Risk-Seeking 399Personality and Suicide 405Burnout 411Religiosity and Spirituality 417Personality and Positive Psychology 423Hope 429Forgiveness 435Gratitude 441Personality and Volunteerism 447Morning vs. Night People 453Diversity in Work Teams 459Creativity in the Workplace 465Individual Differences in Creativity 471Individual Differences in Employee Performance 479Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace 485Personality and Leadership 491Leadership Styles 499Character and Leadership 505Personality and Intelligence in Employee Selection 511Sub-clinical Traits in the Workplace 517Bullying and Personality 523Social Skills in the Workplace 527Personality and Workplace Deviance 533Integrity Testing and Counterproductive Work Behavior 539Learning Styles / Fixed vs. Growth Mindset 545Flow 551Personality in Military Settings 557Personality and Educational Outcomes 563Personality and Law Enforcement 569Personality and Forensic Psychology 575Personality and Consumer Behavior/Lifestyle Analysis 581Marketing and Personality 587Personality, Interests, and Careers 593Personality and Counterproductive Work Behavior 599Friedman, Howard 605Furnham, Adrian Frank 609Hogan, Robert 615Holland, John 621Matarazzo, Joseph D. 627McClelland, David C. 631Beck, Aaron T. 637Seligman, Martin E. P. 643Spielberger, Charles 649Clark, Kenneth and Mamie 655Helms, Janet E. 661Hofstede Geert 667Reginald Jones 673McIntosh, Peggy 679Root, Maria Primitiva Paz 685Sue, Derald Wing 689Triandis, Harry C 695Trimble, Joseph Everett 701White, Joseph L 705Jones, James M 709Index 713

BERNARDO J. CARDUCCI, PHD, was professor of psychology at Indiana University Southeast where he taught classes on personality psychology and introductory psychology for 37 years, and was director of the IU Southeast Shyness Research Institute. He authored several books on shyness, including The Pocket Guide to Making Successful Small Talk: How to Talk to Anyone Anytime Anywhere About Anything and Shyness: A Bold New Approach. His text, Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications, is currently in its third edition.CHRISTOPHER S. NAVE, PHD, is the Managing Director of the interdisciplinary Master of Behavioral and Decision Sciences program at the University of Pennsylvania. His areas of expertise include multi-method design, behavioral observation, personality stability, personality judgment and well-being. His publications have appeared in top academic journals and handbooks and have been featured in the popular press.

• Volume 1Contributor Biographies ixGordon Allport 1Roy F. Baumeister 11Jack Block 17David M. Buss 21Paul T. Costa Jr. 25Robert McCrae 29Ed Diener 35Erik H. Erikson 45Hans J. Eysenck 51David Funder 57Lewis R. Goldberg 63Karen Horney 67Carl Jung 73Abraham H. Maslow 79Dan McAdams 83Walter Mischel 89Carl Rogers 95George Kelly 101Agreeableness 105Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler 111Animal Personalities 117Conscientiousness 123Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS) 129Cattell Trait Theory Lexical Analysis 135Interpersonal Circumplex 141Psychodynamic Perspective of Defense Mechanisms 147Delay of Gratification 153Extraversion – Introversion 159Ego Control/Ego Resiliency Theory (ARCH) 165Emotional Intelligence 173Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development 179Evolutionary Theory of Personality 185Psychoticism 199Five Factor Model, Facets of 203Gender Differences in Personality, Evolutionary Perspective on 209Contemporary Theories of Gender Identity 215Gene-environment Interaction 221Goldberg vs Costa/McCrae Five Factors 225Grit 231Hedonic Adaptation 237Heritability 243HEXACO Model of Personality 249Independent/Interdependent Self 257Personal Construct Theory of George A. Kelly 263Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 269Meaning in Life 275Neuroticism 281Narrative Approach 287Openness 293Optimism/Pessimism Carver and Scheier Theory 299Personal Projects 305Personality and Language 311Personality Stability and Change over Time 317Personality in Culture 323Personality Stability over Time 329Priming 335Realistic Accuracy Model 341Rejection Sensitivity 351Resilience Theory of, Not Just the Trait Dimension 357Schemas, Theory of 363Self-Determination Theory 369Self-efficacy Theory 375Self-esteem, Theory of 381Self-Monitoring, Theory of 387Self-other Interjudge Agreement; Theory of Accuracy 393Self-Presentation Theory/Impression Management 397Social Learning Theory/Social Cognitive Theory 401Terror Management Theory 407Trait Theory of Allport 413Whole Trait Theory 417Index 423Volume 2Contributor Biographies xiTheoretical and Methodological Issues in Personality Research: General Concerns and Considerations 1Cross-Cultural Research, Methodological Issues of 13Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Research 19Longitudinal Research 25Person-Situation Interactions 31Researcher Biases 37Unconscious Processes 43Cognitive Methods in Personality Research 49Experimental Approaches 55Historiometry 61Internet Research in Personality 67Linguistic Analysis in Personality Research (including the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) 73Personal Narratives 79Personality Development Across the Lifespan 85Personality in Non-Humans 91Physical and Virtual Spaces 97Psychobiography and Case Study Methods 103Factor Analysis in Personality Research 109Meta-analysis in Personality Research 113Multiple Regression in Personality Research 119Path Analysis in Personality Research 125Size Effects in Personality Research 131Structural Equation Modeling in Personality Research 137Acculturation Considerations in Personality Assessment 143Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) 149Culture-Free/Fair Intelligence Testing 153Item Analysis 159Reliability, Issues of 165Issues of Response Styles 169Responsibilities of Testing Professionals 175Rights of Test-takers 181Validity, Issues of 187Aggressiveness, Assessment of 191Anger and Hostility, Assessment of 197Anxiety, Assessment of 203Jealousy, Assessment of 209Love and Attraction, Assessment of 215Masculinity and Femininity 219Narcissism, Assessment of 225Optimism/Pessimism, Assessment of 231Positive and Negative Affective States, Assessment of 237Self-Esteem, Assessment of 243Self-monitoring (to include the Self-Monitoring Scale), Assessment of 249Self-regulation, Assessment of 255Self-consciousness, Assessment of 261Subjective Well-being, Assessment of 267California Psychological Inventory (CPI) 273Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP) 279Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised 283Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) 287Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 293Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire 309Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 315Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (NPQ) 321Objective-Analytic Test Battery (OA TB) 325Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) 329Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) 335Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ) 351Projective Techniques, General Features and Methodological Issues 357Assessing Implicit Motives 363The Rorschach Test 367Tell-Me-A-Story (TEMAS) 377Thematic Apperception Test 381Word-Related and Figure-Construction Projection Techniques 387Behavioral Genetics, General Features and Methodological Issues 393Biochemical Assessment 397Human Genome Project and Personality 403Model Fitting 409Twin Studies in Personality Research 415Behavioral Assessment Techniques, General Features and Methodological Issues 421Behavioral Assessment Techniques of Personality in Children 427Cognitive-Behavioral and Cognitive–Self-Report Assessment Techniques 433Self-monitoring Behavioral Assessment Techniques 439Assessment of Intelligence, General Features and Methodological Issues 447Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition 451Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAISC-IV) 457Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) 465Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) 473Intelligence-Personality Association, Assessment of 477Abilities, General Features and Methodological Issues 483Assessment of Antisocial Behavior 487Career and Vocational Interests and Abilities, Assessment of 493Cognitive Aging, Assessment of 499Creativity, Assessment of 503Educational Ability Testing (GRE/MAT/MCAT/LSAT) 509Emotional Intelligence, Assessment of 513Genius, Assessment of 519Mental Competency, Assessment of 523The Wechsler Memory Scales (WMS-IV) 529Anne Anastasi 533Jens B. Asendorpf 543James N. Butcher 547Charles S. Carver 553Lee J. Cronbach 557Turhan Canli 563Philip J. Corr 569John M. (Jack) Digman 573John E. Exner, Jr. 577Oliver P. John 581Henry A. Murray 587Jack A. Naglieri 597Warren T. Norman 601William Revelle 605Michael F. Scheier 611Mark Snyder 617David Wechsler 621Index 625Volume 3Contributor Biographies xiAdaptability 1Aggression, Personality Correlates 7Altruism 13Alexithymia 19Androgyny, Expression of 25Anger 31Anxiety 37Authoritarianism 43Personality Correlates of Behavioral Inhibition/Activation 49Big Five Model of Personality 55Cognitive and Personality Correlates of Achievement 61Compassion 67Compulsive Personality 73Coping 79Core Self-Evaluation 83Creativity 89Culture and Personality 95Dark Triad 101Decisional Styles 107Defense Mechanisms, Contemporary Perspectives 113Depression 119Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed.: DSM-5 125Empathy, Personality Correlates of 131Emotional Competence 137Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship, Personality Correlates of 143Evolutionary Theory and Personality Correlates of Mate Selection 149Eysenck Giant Three 155Extraversion, Personality Correlates of 161Flow 167Gender Differences in Aggression 173Gender Differences in Perceived Traits of Men and Women 179Gender Differences in Self-esteem and Self-confidence 185Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being 191General Personality Factor 195Genetic Basis of Personality 201Gene–Environment Interaction 207Genius, Personality Correlates of 211Guilt 217Health and Personality 221Honesty 227Hopelessness 231Hostility, Personality Correlates of 237Impulsivity 243Intuition 249Policy Researcher and Educator: Originally it was Independent Researcher and Policy Analyst 255Judgments of Personality 261Learned Helplessness 269Life Satisfaction 275Locus of Control, Personality Correlates of 281Loneliness 287Mindfulness 293Motivation (Achievement, Affiliation, Power) 299Neuroticism, Personality Correlates of 305Obsessive Personality 311Optimism and Pessimism: Conceptualization, Personality Correlates, and Contextual Considerations 317Perfectionism 323Persistence, Personality Correlates 329Personality Development 335Phobia 339Positive Self-capital 345Psychopathy 351Religiosity 357Risk Taking 363Self-concept, Expressions of the 369Self-control 375Self-construal 381Self-efficacy 387Self-efficacy, Career 393Self-esteem, Expressions of 399Self-regulation 405Sensation Seeking 411Shyness 41716PF, Correlates of 423Social Desirability 429Social Intelligence 435Temperament, Personality Correlates of 439Test Anxiety 445Trauma 451Trustworthiness 457Twin Studies and Personality 461Unconscious Processes, Expression of Personality Process 465Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 469Jeffrey A. Gray 473Douglas N. Jackson 479John F. Kihlstrom 483Salvatore R. Maddi 489Julie K. Norem 493Robert J. Plomin 497Julian B. Rotter 501Mark Savickas 505Dean Keith Simonton 511Marvin Zuckerman 517Raymond B. Cattell 521Index 529Volume 4Contributor Biographies xiClinical Applications of Psychodynamic Theories of Personality 1Clinical Applications of Behavioral Theory of Personality 19Clinical Applications of Humanistic Theory of Personality 27Clinical Applications of Cognitive Behavioral Theory of Personality 37Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder 55Personality and Depression 61Dissociative Disorders 67Autism Spectrum Disorder 75Addictive Personality and Substance Abuse Disorders (SUD) 81Borderline Personality Disorder 89Antisocial Personality Disorder 97Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 103Narcissistic Personality Disorder 109Schizotypal Personality Disorder 115Avoidant Personality Disorder 121Sadism and Masochism 127Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology 133Eating Disorders 139Neuropsychiatric Disorders 145Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 151Individual Differences and Sleep Disorders 157Pain and Personality 163Personality and Sexual Dysfunctions 169Paranoid Personality Disorder 175Schizoid Personality Disorder 181Histrionic Personality Disorder 187Dependent Personality Disorder 193Individual Differences in Acculturation 199Allocentrism vs. Idiocentrism 205Monolingualism, Bilingualism, Multilingualism 209Monocultural versus Multicultural 215Biculturalism 221Biracial and Multiracial Individuals 227Social Class 233Cultural Encapsulation 239Machismo 243Marianismo 247Visible Racial/Ethnic Group (VREG) 253Cross-Cultural Emotional Expression 257Culturally Adapted Psychotherapy 263Cultural Intelligence 269Personality and Prejudice 275Universality vs. Cultural Specificity of Personality 281Individualism vs. Collectivism 287Personality and Geography 299Personality Psychology in Japan 305Personality Psychology in Africa 311Personality Psychology in China 317Personality Psychology in Central and South America 323Personality Psychology from an Islamic Perspective 329Tiger Mother 335Native Hawaiian Personality 341Personality and Aging 347Personality and Longevity 353Personality and Health 359Personality and Well-being 365Self-Healing and Disease-Prone Personalities 371Individual Differences in Coping with Stress 377Type A/B Personalities 383Personality and Cancer 387Resiliency and Hardiness 393Personality and Risk-Seeking 399Personality and Suicide 405Burnout 411Religiosity and Spirituality 417Personality and Positive Psychology 423Hope 429Forgiveness 435Gratitude 441Personality and Volunteerism 447Morning vs. Night People 453Diversity in Work Teams 459Creativity in the Workplace 465Individual Differences in Creativity 471Individual Differences in Employee Performance 479Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace 485Personality and Leadership 491Leadership Styles 499Character and Leadership 505Personality and Intelligence in Employee Selection 511Sub-clinical Traits in the Workplace 517Bullying and Personality 523Social Skills in the Workplace 527Personality and Workplace Deviance 533Integrity Testing and Counterproductive Work Behavior 539Learning Styles / Fixed vs. Growth Mindset 545Flow 551Personality in Military Settings 557Personality and Educational Outcomes 563Personality and Law Enforcement 569Personality and Forensic Psychology 575Personality and Consumer Behavior/Lifestyle Analysis 581Marketing and Personality 587Personality, Interests, and Careers 593Personality and Counterproductive Work Behavior 599Friedman, Howard 605Furnham, Adrian Frank 609Hogan, Robert 615Holland, John 621Matarazzo, Joseph D. 627McClelland, David C. 631Beck, Aaron T. 637Seligman, Martin E. P. 643Spielberger, Charles 649Clark, Kenneth and Mamie 655Helms, Janet E. 661Hofstede Geert 667Reginald Jones 673McIntosh, Peggy 679Root, Maria Primitiva Paz 685Sue, Derald Wing 689Triandis, Harry C 695Trimble, Joseph Everett 701White, Joseph L 705Jones, James M 709Index 713

BERNARDO J. CARDUCCI, PHD, was professor of psychology at Indiana University Southeast where he taught classes on personality psychology and introductory psychology for 37 years, and was director of the IU Southeast Shyness Research Institute. He authored several books on shyness, including The Pocket Guide to Making Successful Small Talk: How to Talk to Anyone Anytime Anywhere About Anything and Shyness: A Bold New Approach. His text, Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications, is currently in its third edition.CHRISTOPHER S. NAVE, PHD, is the Managing Director of the interdisciplinary Master of Behavioral and Decision Sciences program at the University of Pennsylvania. His areas of expertise include multi-method design, behavioral observation, personality stability, personality judgment and well-being. His publications have appeared in top academic journals and handbooks and have been featured in the popular press.

• Volume 1Contributor Biographies ixGordon Allport 1Roy F. Baumeister 11Jack Block 17David M. Buss 21Paul T. Costa Jr. 25Robert McCrae 29Ed Diener 35Erik H. Erikson 45Hans J. Eysenck 51David Funder 57Lewis R. Goldberg 63Karen Horney 67Carl Jung 73Abraham H. Maslow 79Dan McAdams 83Walter Mischel 89Carl Rogers 95George Kelly 101Agreeableness 105Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler 111Animal Personalities 117Conscientiousness 123Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS) 129Cattell Trait Theory Lexical Analysis 135Interpersonal Circumplex 141Psychodynamic Perspective of Defense Mechanisms 147Delay of Gratification 153Extraversion – Introversion 159Ego Control/Ego Resiliency Theory (ARCH) 165Emotional Intelligence 173Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development 179Evolutionary Theory of Personality 185Psychoticism 199Five Factor Model, Facets of 203Gender Differences in Personality, Evolutionary Perspective on 209Contemporary Theories of Gender Identity 215Gene-environment Interaction 221Goldberg vs Costa/McCrae Five Factors 225Grit 231Hedonic Adaptation 237Heritability 243HEXACO Model of Personality 249Independent/Interdependent Self 257Personal Construct Theory of George A. Kelly 263Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 269Meaning in Life 275Neuroticism 281Narrative Approach 287Openness 293Optimism/Pessimism Carver and Scheier Theory 299Personal Projects 305Personality and Language 311Personality Stability and Change over Time 317Personality in Culture 323Personality Stability over Time 329Priming 335Realistic Accuracy Model 341Rejection Sensitivity 351Resilience Theory of, Not Just the Trait Dimension 357Schemas, Theory of 363Self-Determination Theory 369Self-efficacy Theory 375Self-esteem, Theory of 381Self-Monitoring, Theory of 387Self-other Interjudge Agreement; Theory of Accuracy 393Self-Presentation Theory/Impression Management 397Social Learning Theory/Social Cognitive Theory 401Terror Management Theory 407Trait Theory of Allport 413Whole Trait Theory 417Index 423Volume 2Contributor Biographies xiTheoretical and Methodological Issues in Personality Research: General Concerns and Considerations 1Cross-Cultural Research, Methodological Issues of 13Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Research 19Longitudinal Research 25Person-Situation Interactions 31Researcher Biases 37Unconscious Processes 43Cognitive Methods in Personality Research 49Experimental Approaches 55Historiometry 61Internet Research in Personality 67Linguistic Analysis in Personality Research (including the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) 73Personal Narratives 79Personality Development Across the Lifespan 85Personality in Non-Humans 91Physical and Virtual Spaces 97Psychobiography and Case Study Methods 103Factor Analysis in Personality Research 109Meta-analysis in Personality Research 113Multiple Regression in Personality Research 119Path Analysis in Personality Research 125Size Effects in Personality Research 131Structural Equation Modeling in Personality Research 137Acculturation Considerations in Personality Assessment 143Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) 149Culture-Free/Fair Intelligence Testing 153Item Analysis 159Reliability, Issues of 165Issues of Response Styles 169Responsibilities of Testing Professionals 175Rights of Test-takers 181Validity, Issues of 187Aggressiveness, Assessment of 191Anger and Hostility, Assessment of 197Anxiety, Assessment of 203Jealousy, Assessment of 209Love and Attraction, Assessment of 215Masculinity and Femininity 219Narcissism, Assessment of 225Optimism/Pessimism, Assessment of 231Positive and Negative Affective States, Assessment of 237Self-Esteem, Assessment of 243Self-monitoring (to include the Self-Monitoring Scale), Assessment of 249Self-regulation, Assessment of 255Self-consciousness, Assessment of 261Subjective Well-being, Assessment of 267California Psychological Inventory (CPI) 273Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP) 279Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised 283Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) 287Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 293Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire 309Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 315Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (NPQ) 321Objective-Analytic Test Battery (OA TB) 325Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) 329Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) 335Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ) 351Projective Techniques, General Features and Methodological Issues 357Assessing Implicit Motives 363The Rorschach Test 367Tell-Me-A-Story (TEMAS) 377Thematic Apperception Test 381Word-Related and Figure-Construction Projection Techniques 387Behavioral Genetics, General Features and Methodological Issues 393Biochemical Assessment 397Human Genome Project and Personality 403Model Fitting 409Twin Studies in Personality Research 415Behavioral Assessment Techniques, General Features and Methodological Issues 421Behavioral Assessment Techniques of Personality in Children 427Cognitive-Behavioral and Cognitive–Self-Report Assessment Techniques 433Self-monitoring Behavioral Assessment Techniques 439Assessment of Intelligence, General Features and Methodological Issues 447Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition 451Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAISC-IV) 457Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) 465Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) 473Intelligence-Personality Association, Assessment of 477Abilities, General Features and Methodological Issues 483Assessment of Antisocial Behavior 487Career and Vocational Interests and Abilities, Assessment of 493Cognitive Aging, Assessment of 499Creativity, Assessment of 503Educational Ability Testing (GRE/MAT/MCAT/LSAT) 509Emotional Intelligence, Assessment of 513Genius, Assessment of 519Mental Competency, Assessment of 523The Wechsler Memory Scales (WMS-IV) 529Anne Anastasi 533Jens B. Asendorpf 543James N. Butcher 547Charles S. Carver 553Lee J. Cronbach 557Turhan Canli 563Philip J. Corr 569John M. (Jack) Digman 573John E. Exner, Jr. 577Oliver P. John 581Henry A. Murray 587Jack A. Naglieri 597Warren T. Norman 601William Revelle 605Michael F. Scheier 611Mark Snyder 617David Wechsler 621Index 625Volume 3Contributor Biographies xiAdaptability 1Aggression, Personality Correlates 7Altruism 13Alexithymia 19Androgyny, Expression of 25Anger 31Anxiety 37Authoritarianism 43Personality Correlates of Behavioral Inhibition/Activation 49Big Five Model of Personality 55Cognitive and Personality Correlates of Achievement 61Compassion 67Compulsive Personality 73Coping 79Core Self-Evaluation 83Creativity 89Culture and Personality 95Dark Triad 101Decisional Styles 107Defense Mechanisms, Contemporary Perspectives 113Depression 119Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed.: DSM-5 125Empathy, Personality Correlates of 131Emotional Competence 137Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship, Personality Correlates of 143Evolutionary Theory and Personality Correlates of Mate Selection 149Eysenck Giant Three 155Extraversion, Personality Correlates of 161Flow 167Gender Differences in Aggression 173Gender Differences in Perceived Traits of Men and Women 179Gender Differences in Self-esteem and Self-confidence 185Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being 191General Personality Factor 195Genetic Basis of Personality 201Gene–Environment Interaction 207Genius, Personality Correlates of 211Guilt 217Health and Personality 221Honesty 227Hopelessness 231Hostility, Personality Correlates of 237Impulsivity 243Intuition 249Policy Researcher and Educator: Originally it was Independent Researcher and Policy Analyst 255Judgments of Personality 261Learned Helplessness 269Life Satisfaction 275Locus of Control, Personality Correlates of 281Loneliness 287Mindfulness 293Motivation (Achievement, Affiliation, Power) 299Neuroticism, Personality Correlates of 305Obsessive Personality 311Optimism and Pessimism: Conceptualization, Personality Correlates, and Contextual Considerations 317Perfectionism 323Persistence, Personality Correlates 329Personality Development 335Phobia 339Positive Self-capital 345Psychopathy 351Religiosity 357Risk Taking 363Self-concept, Expressions of the 369Self-control 375Self-construal 381Self-efficacy 387Self-efficacy, Career 393Self-esteem, Expressions of 399Self-regulation 405Sensation Seeking 411Shyness 41716PF, Correlates of 423Social Desirability 429Social Intelligence 435Temperament, Personality Correlates of 439Test Anxiety 445Trauma 451Trustworthiness 457Twin Studies and Personality 461Unconscious Processes, Expression of Personality Process 465Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 469Jeffrey A. Gray 473Douglas N. Jackson 479John F. Kihlstrom 483Salvatore R. Maddi 489Julie K. Norem 493Robert J. Plomin 497Julian B. Rotter 501Mark Savickas 505Dean Keith Simonton 511Marvin Zuckerman 517Raymond B. Cattell 521Index 529Volume 4Contributor Biographies xiClinical Applications of Psychodynamic Theories of Personality 1Clinical Applications of Behavioral Theory of Personality 19Clinical Applications of Humanistic Theory of Personality 27Clinical Applications of Cognitive Behavioral Theory of Personality 37Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder 55Personality and Depression 61Dissociative Disorders 67Autism Spectrum Disorder 75Addictive Personality and Substance Abuse Disorders (SUD) 81Borderline Personality Disorder 89Antisocial Personality Disorder 97Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 103Narcissistic Personality Disorder 109Schizotypal Personality Disorder 115Avoidant Personality Disorder 121Sadism and Masochism 127Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology 133Eating Disorders 139Neuropsychiatric Disorders 145Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 151Individual Differences and Sleep Disorders 157Pain and Personality 163Personality and Sexual Dysfunctions 169Paranoid Personality Disorder 175Schizoid Personality Disorder 181Histrionic Personality Disorder 187Dependent Personality Disorder 193Individual Differences in Acculturation 199Allocentrism vs. Idiocentrism 205Monolingualism, Bilingualism, Multilingualism 209Monocultural versus Multicultural 215Biculturalism 221Biracial and Multiracial Individuals 227Social Class 233Cultural Encapsulation 239Machismo 243Marianismo 247Visible Racial/Ethnic Group (VREG) 253Cross-Cultural Emotional Expression 257Culturally Adapted Psychotherapy 263Cultural Intelligence 269Personality and Prejudice 275Universality vs. Cultural Specificity of Personality 281Individualism vs. Collectivism 287Personality and Geography 299Personality Psychology in Japan 305Personality Psychology in Africa 311Personality Psychology in China 317Personality Psychology in Central and South America 323Personality Psychology from an Islamic Perspective 329Tiger Mother 335Native Hawaiian Personality 341Personality and Aging 347Personality and Longevity 353Personality and Health 359Personality and Well-being 365Self-Healing and Disease-Prone Personalities 371Individual Differences in Coping with Stress 377Type A/B Personalities 383Personality and Cancer 387Resiliency and Hardiness 393Personality and Risk-Seeking 399Personality and Suicide 405Burnout 411Religiosity and Spirituality 417Personality and Positive Psychology 423Hope 429Forgiveness 435Gratitude 441Personality and Volunteerism 447Morning vs. Night People 453Diversity in Work Teams 459Creativity in the Workplace 465Individual Differences in Creativity 471Individual Differences in Employee Performance 479Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace 485Personality and Leadership 491Leadership Styles 499Character and Leadership 505Personality and Intelligence in Employee Selection 511Sub-clinical Traits in the Workplace 517Bullying and Personality 523Social Skills in the Workplace 527Personality and Workplace Deviance 533Integrity Testing and Counterproductive Work Behavior 539Learning Styles / Fixed vs. Growth Mindset 545Flow 551Personality in Military Settings 557Personality and Educational Outcomes 563Personality and Law Enforcement 569Personality and Forensic Psychology 575Personality and Consumer Behavior/Lifestyle Analysis 581Marketing and Personality 587Personality, Interests, and Careers 593Personality and Counterproductive Work Behavior 599Friedman, Howard 605Furnham, Adrian Frank 609Hogan, Robert 615Holland, John 621Matarazzo, Joseph D. 627McClelland, David C. 631Beck, Aaron T. 637Seligman, Martin E. P. 643Spielberger, Charles 649Clark, Kenneth and Mamie 655Helms, Janet E. 661Hofstede Geert 667Reginald Jones 673McIntosh, Peggy 679Root, Maria Primitiva Paz 685Sue, Derald Wing 689Triandis, Harry C 695Trimble, Joseph Everett 701White, Joseph L 705Jones, James M 709Index 713