Prof. Dr. Alfred Fahr is Professor Emeritus in Pharmaceutical Technology at the Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich–Schiller University of Jena, Germany. He was Head of laboratory at Sandoz Pharma (now Novartis) between 1986 and 1996 responsible for Biopharmaceuticals, Human Pharmacology and Drug Delivery Systems, and spent six years at Philipps-Universität Marburg in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry before joining Friedrich–Schiller University of Jena in 2002. His research interests include biophysics of modern formulations, mechanisms of skin penetration and non-viral gene therapy, nanotechnological formulations in pharmacy and formulations of poorly soluble active substances.

• Contributors viiForeword ixAcknowledgements xiiiList of Abbreviations xvIndex of Pharmacopeia Boxes xixPart I Dosage Forms1 Drug Formulations as Application System–Science and Legal Provisions 3Part II General and Technological Principles and Unit Operations2 Unit Operations 133 Physical and Physicochemical Principles of Drug Formulation 394 Sterilization of Drug Formulations: Procedures to Reduce Microbial Count 1335 Excipients for Drug Formulation 1616 Basic Principles of Probability and Statistics 2417 Basic Principles in Biopharmaceutics 279Part III Solid Dosage Forms8 Powders and Granules 3199 Tablets 34510 Coated Oral Dosage Forms 37711 Capsules 39512 Peroral Modified Release (MR) Formulations 40913 Rectal Preparations 42914 Vaginal Dosage Forms and Dosage Forms to be Introduced in Body Cavities 447Part IV Semi-solid Dosage Forms15 Semi-Solid Preparations for Cutaneous Application 45316 Patches/Plasters 517Part V Liquid Dosage Forms17 Solutions 52918 Emulsions 53719 Suspensions 55720 Micro- and Nanodispersed Systems 56921 Parenteral Formulations 58122 Ophthalmic Preparations 623Part VI Gaseous Dosage Forms23 Inhalation Dosage Forms 637Part VII General Aspects of Dosage Forms24 Herbal Drug Preparations (Extracts, Tinctures, and Aqueous Preparations) 65925 Stability and Stabilization 68126 Incompatibilities 70727 Packaging Materials and Technology 72128 Recent and Future Developments in Pharmaceutical Technology 749Appendix A Selected Dosage Forms (Compared between Ph. Eur., USP, and JP) 757Index 817

Prof. Dr. Alfred Fahr is Professor Emeritus in Pharmaceutical Technology at the Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich–Schiller University of Jena, Germany. He was Head of laboratory at Sandoz Pharma (now Novartis) between 1986 and 1996 responsible for Biopharmaceuticals, Human Pharmacology and Drug Delivery Systems, and spent six years at Philipps-Universität Marburg in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry before joining Friedrich–Schiller University of Jena in 2002. His research interests include biophysics of modern formulations, mechanisms of skin penetration and non-viral gene therapy, nanotechnological formulations in pharmacy and formulations of poorly soluble active substances.

• Contributors viiForeword ixAcknowledgements xiiiList of Abbreviations xvIndex of Pharmacopeia Boxes xixPart I Dosage Forms1 Drug Formulations as Application System–Science and Legal Provisions 3Part II General and Technological Principles and Unit Operations2 Unit Operations 133 Physical and Physicochemical Principles of Drug Formulation 394 Sterilization of Drug Formulations: Procedures to Reduce Microbial Count 1335 Excipients for Drug Formulation 1616 Basic Principles of Probability and Statistics 2417 Basic Principles in Biopharmaceutics 279Part III Solid Dosage Forms8 Powders and Granules 3199 Tablets 34510 Coated Oral Dosage Forms 37711 Capsules 39512 Peroral Modified Release (MR) Formulations 40913 Rectal Preparations 42914 Vaginal Dosage Forms and Dosage Forms to be Introduced in Body Cavities 447Part IV Semi-solid Dosage Forms15 Semi-Solid Preparations for Cutaneous Application 45316 Patches/Plasters 517Part V Liquid Dosage Forms17 Solutions 52918 Emulsions 53719 Suspensions 55720 Micro- and Nanodispersed Systems 56921 Parenteral Formulations 58122 Ophthalmic Preparations 623Part VI Gaseous Dosage Forms23 Inhalation Dosage Forms 637Part VII General Aspects of Dosage Forms24 Herbal Drug Preparations (Extracts, Tinctures, and Aqueous Preparations) 65925 Stability and Stabilization 68126 Incompatibilities 70727 Packaging Materials and Technology 72128 Recent and Future Developments in Pharmaceutical Technology 749Appendix A Selected Dosage Forms (Compared between Ph. Eur., USP, and JP) 757Index 817

Prof. Dr. Alfred Fahr is Professor Emeritus in Pharmaceutical Technology at the Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich–Schiller University of Jena, Germany. He was Head of laboratory at Sandoz Pharma (now Novartis) between 1986 and 1996 responsible for Biopharmaceuticals, Human Pharmacology and Drug Delivery Systems, and spent six years at Philipps-Universität Marburg in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry before joining Friedrich–Schiller University of Jena in 2002. His research interests include biophysics of modern formulations, mechanisms of skin penetration and non-viral gene therapy, nanotechnological formulations in pharmacy and formulations of poorly soluble active substances.

• Contributors viiForeword ixAcknowledgements xiiiList of Abbreviations xvIndex of Pharmacopeia Boxes xixPart I Dosage Forms1 Drug Formulations as Application System–Science and Legal Provisions 3Part II General and Technological Principles and Unit Operations2 Unit Operations 133 Physical and Physicochemical Principles of Drug Formulation 394 Sterilization of Drug Formulations: Procedures to Reduce Microbial Count 1335 Excipients for Drug Formulation 1616 Basic Principles of Probability and Statistics 2417 Basic Principles in Biopharmaceutics 279Part III Solid Dosage Forms8 Powders and Granules 3199 Tablets 34510 Coated Oral Dosage Forms 37711 Capsules 39512 Peroral Modified Release (MR) Formulations 40913 Rectal Preparations 42914 Vaginal Dosage Forms and Dosage Forms to be Introduced in Body Cavities 447Part IV Semi-solid Dosage Forms15 Semi-Solid Preparations for Cutaneous Application 45316 Patches/Plasters 517Part V Liquid Dosage Forms17 Solutions 52918 Emulsions 53719 Suspensions 55720 Micro- and Nanodispersed Systems 56921 Parenteral Formulations 58122 Ophthalmic Preparations 623Part VI Gaseous Dosage Forms23 Inhalation Dosage Forms 637Part VII General Aspects of Dosage Forms24 Herbal Drug Preparations (Extracts, Tinctures, and Aqueous Preparations) 65925 Stability and Stabilization 68126 Incompatibilities 70727 Packaging Materials and Technology 72128 Recent and Future Developments in Pharmaceutical Technology 749Appendix A Selected Dosage Forms (Compared between Ph. Eur., USP, and JP) 757Index 817