Advanced Solutions in Power Systems

MIRCEA EREMIA is Professor Emeritus in the Electrical Power Systems Department of the University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania. Dr. Eremia is author and co-author of over 180 journals and conference papers as well as 11 books in power systems. He was an active member of IEEE and CIGRE by participating in various working groups related to applications of power electronics and artificial intelligence techniques. In 2013, Dr. Eremia and Mohammad Shahidehpour published The Handbook of Electrical Power System Dynamics: Modeling, Stability, and Control with the Wiley-IEEE press. CHEN-CHING LIU is Boeing Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering at Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA, and Visiting Professor of University College Dublin, Ireland, in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. He obtained his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees, both in electrical engineering, from National Taiwan University, Taiwan, in 1976 and 1978, and a PhD degree from the University of California, Berkeley, USA. ABDEL-ATY EDRIS is the Senior Manager at Exponent Failure Analysis Associates and Adjunct Professor at Santa Clara University, USA. He received his BS from Cairo University, MS from Ain-Shams University, and PhD from Chalmers University of Technology. Dr. Edris is a leading expert in the design and operation of FACTS devices. He is the recipient of the IEEE 2006 FACTS Award, the IEEE 2008 Outstanding Engineer Award, and many other awards.

• Contributors xxiForeword xxiiiAcknowledgments xxvChapter 1 Introduction 1Mircea Eremia, Chen-Ching Liu, and Abdel-Aty EdrisPart I HVDC TransmissionMircea EremiaChapter 2 Power Semiconductor Devices for HVDC and Facts Systems 11Remus Teodorescu and Mircea Eremia2.1 Power Semiconductor Overview 122.2 Converter Types 212.3 HVDC Evolution 232.4 FACTS Evolution 30References 33Chapter 3 CSC–HVDC Transmission 35Mircea Eremia and Constantin Bulac3.1 Structure and Configurations 353.2 Converter Bridge Modeling 473.3 Control of CSC–HVDC Transmission 593.4 Reactive Power and Harmonics 783.5 Load Flow in Mixed HVAC/HVDC-CSC Systems 913.6 Interaction Between AC and DC Systems 963.7 Comparison Between DC and AC Transmission 1013.8 Application on a CSC–HVDC Link 109Appendix 3.1 CSC–HVDC Systems in the World 118References 123Chapter 4 VSC–HVDC Transmission 125Mircea Eremia, Jos´e Antonio Jardini, Guangfu Tang, and Lucian Toma4.1 VSC Converter Structures 1264.2 Modulation Techniques 1514.3 DC/AC Converter Analysis 1664.4 VSC Transmission Scheme and Operation 1884.5 Multiterminal VSC–HVDC Systems and HVDC Grids 2034.6 Load Flow and Stability Analysis 2214.7 Comparison of CSC–HVDC Versus VSC–HVDC Transmission 2464.8 Forward to Supergrid 249Appendix 4.1 VSC–HVDC Projects Around the World 261Appendix 4.2 Examples of VSC–HVDC One-Line Diagrams 263References 263Part II Facts TechnologiesAbdel-Aty Edris and Mircea EremiaChapter 5 Static VAr Compensator (SVC) 271Mircea Eremia, Aniruddha Gole, and Lucian Toma5.1 Generalities 2715.2 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor 2735.3 Thyristor-Switched Capacitor 2845.4 Configurations of SVC 2875.5 Control of SVC Operation 2945.6 SVC Modeling 2965.7 Placement of SVC 3125.8 Applications of SVC 3145.9 SVC Installations Worldwide 324References 337Chapter 6 Series Capacitive Compensation 339Mircea Eremia and Stig Nilsson6.1 Generalities 3396.2 Mechanical Commutation-Based Series Devices 3396.3 Static-Controlled Series Capacitive Compensation 3426.4 Control Schemes for the TCSC 3656.5 TCSC Modeling 3706.6 Applications of TSSC/TCSC Installations 3826.7 Series Capacitors Worldwide 387Appendix 6.1 TCSC Systems Around the World 404References 405Chapter 7 Phase Shifting Transformer: Mechanical and Static Devices 409Mylavarapu Ramamoorty and Lucian Toma7.1 Introduction 4097.2 Mechanical Phase Shifting Transformer 4107.3 Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer 4287.4 Applications of the Phase Shifting Transformers 4397.5 Phase Shifting Transformer Projects Around the World 450References 456Chapter 8 Static Synchronous Compensator – Statcom 459Rafael Mihalic, Mircea Eremia, and Bostjan Blazic8.1 Principles and Topologies of Voltage Source Converter 4598.2 STATCOM Operation 4738.3 STATCOM Modeling 4768.4 STATCOM Applications 5068.5 STATCOM Installations in Operation 515References 524Chapter 9 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) 527Laszlo Gyugyi, Abded-Aty Edris, and Mircea Eremia9.1 Introduction 5279.2 Architecture and Operating Principles 5289.3 Comparison of SSSC with Other Technologies 5339.4 Components of an SSSC 5409.5 SSSC Modeling 5469.6 Applications 5519.7 SSSC Installation 552References 556Chapter 10 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) 559Laszlo Gyugyi10.1 Introduction 55910.2 Basic Characteristics of the UPFC 56710.3 UPFC Versus Conventional Power Flow Controllers 57110.4 UPFC Control System 57510.5 Equipment Structural and Rating Considerations 58410.6 Protection Considerations 59610.7 Application Example: UPFC at AEP’s INEZ Station 60010.8 Modeling of the UPFC Device 613References 627Chapter 11 Interline Power Flow Controller (Ipfc) 629Laszlo Gyugyi11.1 Generalities 62911.2 Basic Operating Principles and Characteristics of the IPFC 63011.3 Generalized Interline Power Flow Controller for Multiline Systems 63611.4 Basic Control System 63811.5 Equipment Structural and Rating Considerations 64011.6 Protection Considerations 64211.7 Application Example: IPFC at NYPA’s Marcy Substation 643References 649Chapter 12 Sen Transformer: A Power Regulating Transformer 651Kalyan K. Sen12.1 Background 65112.2 The Sen Transformer Concept 656References 679Chapter 13 Medium Voltage Power Electronics Devices for Distribution Grids 681Ion Etxeberria-Otadui, David Frey, Seddik Bacha, and Bertrand Raison13.1 Introduction 68113.2 High Power Switching Valves: Association of Semiconductor Components 68313.3 Topologies Used in High Power Converters 69413.4 Power Electronic Converter Control 697References 717Part III Artificial Intelligence Techniques Chen-Ching Liu and Mircea EremiaChapter 14 Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence: A Challenge for Power System Engineers 721Chen-Ching Liu, Alexandru Stefanov, and Junho HongReferences 729Chapter 15 Expert Systems 731Mircea Eremia, Kevin Tomsovic, and Gheorghe Cârțină15.1 Fundamental Concepts 73115.2 Architecture of Expert Systems 73515.3 Expert Systems Application 745References 753Chapter 16 Neural Networks 755Dagmar Niebur, Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, and Ekrem Gursoy16.1 Introduction 75516.2 Neural Network Architectures 75516.3 Adaptive Critic Designs 75916.4 Independent Component Analysis 76016.5 Learning Algorithms: The Determination of Weights 76016.6 Examples of Neural Network Applications for Power System Monitoring and Control 763References 781Chapter 17 Fuzzy Systems 785Germano Lambert-Torres, Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva, Carlos Henrique Valerio de Moraes, and Yvo Marcelo Chiaradia Masselli17.1 Introduction 78517.2 Fundamental Notions 78717.3 Fuzzy Logic 79717.4 Fuzzy Model 80117.5 An Application of Fuzzy Logic in Control System 81117.6 Final Remarks 816Acknowledgments 817References 817Chapter 18 Decision Trees 819Constantin Bulac and Adrian Bulac18.1 Introduction 81918.2 Decision Trees 82018.3 Oblique Decision Trees 82918.4 Applications of Decision Trees in Power Systems 83318.5 Case Study 836References 843Chapter 19 Genetic Algorithms 845Anastasios Bakirtzis and Spyros Kazarlis19.1 Introduction to Evolutionary Computation 84519.2 Genetic Algorithms 85919.3 On The Optimal Location and Operation of FACTS Devices by Genetic Algorithms 897References 898Chapter 20 Multiagent Systems 903Nan-Peng Yu and Chen-Ching Liu20.1 Overview 90320.2 Multiagent Technology Overview 90920.3 Applications of Multiagent Systems in Power Engineering 91720.4 Electricity Markets Modeling and Simulation with Multiagent Systems 920Simulation 922References 927Chapter 21 Heuristic Optimization Techniques 931Kwang Y. Lee, Malihe M. Farsangi, Jong-Bae Park, and John G. Vlachogiannis21.1 Introduction 93121.2 Evolutionary Algorithms for Reactive Power Planning 93221.3 Genetic Algorithm for Generation Planning 94321.4 Particle Swarm Optimization for Economic Dispatch 95121.5 Ant Colony System for Constrained Load Flow Problem 96121.6 Immune Algorithm for Damping of Interarea Oscillation 96821.7 Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search for Optimal Allocation of Static VAr Compensators 97421.8 Conclusions 980References 981Chapter 22 Unsupervised Learning and Hybrid Methods 985Nikos Hatziargyriou and Manolis Voumvoulakis22.1 Generalities 98522.2 Supervised Learning Methods 98822.3 Unsupervised Learning Methods 99622.4 Som Variants 100022.5 Combined Use of Unsupervised with Supervised Learning Methods 100722.6 Applications to Power Systems 1007References 1030Index 1033