Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant

The Editors Christopher Chase, DVM, PhD, DACVM (Virology & Immunology), is Professor in the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences at South Dakota State University in Brookings, South Dakota, USA. Kaitlyn Lutz, VMD, DABVP (Food Animal), was previously a Lecturer in the Food Animal Field Service at the University of Pennsylvania and is currently exploring private dairy practice in Ashburton, New Zealand. Erica McKenzie, BSc, BVMS, PhD, DACVIM, DACVSMR, is a Professor of Large Animal Internal Medicine at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Ahmed Tibary, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACT, is a Professor of Large Animal Theriogenology at College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University in Pullman, Washington, USA.

• Abomasal Emptying Defect in Sheep 1Abomasal Impaction 3Abomasal Ulceration 5Abortion: Bacterial 7Abortion: Bovine 9Abortion: Camelid 11Abortion: Farmed Cervidae 13Abortion: Small Ruminant 16Abortion: Viral, Fungal, and Nutritional 19Actinobacillosis: Wooden Tongue 21Actinomycosis: Lumpy Jaw 23Acupuncture 24Acute Renal Failure 26Agricultural Chemical Toxicities 27Agricultural Practices Contributing to Disease∗Agroterrorism∗Akabane 29Alternative Medicine∗Anaphylaxis 31Anaplasmosis 32Anemia, Nonregenerative 33Anemia, Regenerative 35Anesthesia: Inhalation 38Anesthesia: Injectable 40Anesthesia: Local and Regional 43Anestrus 45Angular Limb Deformity 47Animal Disease Traceability (ADT)∗Animal Welfare∗Anthelmintic Resistance 50Anthrax 52Arsenic Toxicosis 54Arthrogryposis 56Artificial Insemination: Bovine 59Artificial Insemination: Camelid∗Artificial Insemination: Cervidae∗Artificial Insemination: Small Ruminant 61Aspiration Pneumonia 63Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia 65Avocado Toxicosis 67Babesiosis 68Bacillary Hemoglobinuria 71Bacterial Endocarditis 73Bacterial Meningitis 76Beef Bull Management∗Beef Herd Records∗Beef Herd Reproductive Worksheets∗Biosecurity: Beef Cow/Calf∗Biosecurity: Cervidae∗Biosecurity: Dairy∗Biosecurity: Goats∗Biosecurity: Research Herds∗Biosecurity: Sheep∗Bison: Bacterial Diseases 78Bison: Clinical Examination and Treatment∗Bison: Management∗Bison: Parasitic Diseases 81Bison: Viral Diseases 83Black Locust Toxicity 86Bloat 87Blood Chemistry∗Blue-Green Algae Poisoning 89Bluetongue Virus 91Body Condition Scoring: Alpacas and Llamas∗Body Condition Scoring: Beef∗Body Condition Scoring: Camels∗Body Condition Scoring: Cervidae∗Body Condition Scoring: Dairy Cattle∗Body Condition Scoring: Goats∗Body Condition Scoring: Sheep∗Border Disease 94Borna Disease 96Bovine and Ovine Implants∗Bovine Anthelmintics∗Bovine Dermatology 98Bovine Digital Dermatitis 100Bovine Ephemeral Fever 103Bovine Leukemia Virus 105Bovine Papular Stomatitis 107Bovine Petechial Fever 108Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus 109Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy 111Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 113Bracken Fern Toxicity 117Brain Assessment and Dysfunction∗Brassica spp. Toxicity 119Breeding Soundness Examination: Bull 122Breeding Soundness Examination: Camelids 124Breeding Soundness Examination: Cervidae 128Breeding Soundness Examination: Small Ruminant 130Brisket Disease 132Brucellosis 134Buckeye (Aesculus spp.) Toxicity 136Burn Management 137Cache Valley Virus 140Calf Diphtheria/Necrotic Stomatitis 142Camel Diseases 145Camel Management and Health Programs 149Camelid: Dentistry 152Camelid: Dermatology 154Camelid: Gastrointestinal Disease 158Camelid: Heat Stress 160Camelid: Parasitology 162Camelid: Reproduction 165Camelid: Venipuncture∗Campylobacter 169Candidiasis 172Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus 174Carbamate Toxicity 177Cardiac Failure 179Cardiotoxic Plants 181Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) 184Castor Bean Toxicity 187Castration/Vasectomy: Bovine 188Castration/Vasectomy: Camelid 190Castration/Vasectomy: Small Ruminant 192Caudal Vena Caval Thrombosis Syndrome 194Cecal Dilation and Volvulus 196Cervidae: Captive Management 198Cervidae: Capture Myopathy 201Cervidae: Chronic Wasting Disease 203Cervidae: Game Park Management, Facilities 205Cervidae Mortality 208Cervidae: Reproduction 211Cesarean Section: Bovine 213Cesarean Section: Camelid 215Cesarean Section: Small Ruminant 217Chlamydiosis 219Cleaning and Disinfection∗Clostridial Disease: Gastrointestinal 221Clostridial Disease: Muscular 223Clostridial Disease: Nervous System 225Coccidioidomycosis 228Coccidiosis 230Coenurosis 232Colic: Bovine 234Colic: Small Ruminant 236Colostrum and Milk Replacers∗Common Pharmacologic Therapies: Adult Dairy Cattle∗Congenital Defects: Bovine 239Congenital Defects: Camelid 241Congenital Defects: Small Ruminant 243Congenital Ocular Disorders 245Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia 247Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia 249Controlled Substances∗Copper Deficiency and Toxicity 251Corkscrew Claw 255Corneal Disorders 257Coronavirus 260Cow-Calf Management∗Cowpox 263Cranial Nerve Assessment and Dysfunction∗Cryptococcosis 265Cryptosporidiosis 267Cyanide Toxicosis 269Dairy Cattle Behavior∗Dairy Cow Comfort∗Dairy Economics∗Dairy Heifer Management Program∗Dairy Heifer Nutrition: Basics∗Dairy Informatics∗Dairy Nutrition: Ration Guidelines for Milking and Dry Cows∗Dairy Record Evaluation∗Dairy Reproduction∗Dairy Sheep and Goat Industries∗Death Camas 271Dehorning/Cornuectomy∗Dermatophilosis 272Dermatophytosis 274Diarrheal Diseases: Bovine 276Diarrheal Diseases: Camelid 278Diarrheal Diseases: Small Ruminant 280Disaster and Emergency Preparedness and Response∗Displaced Abomasum 282Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy 285Down Bovine 287Down Camelid 289Down Small Ruminant 292Drug Hypersensitivities 294Drug Interactions 296Drug Residues in Milk∗Drug Storage Requirements and Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR)∗Drug Toxicities 298Dystocia: Bovine 300Dystocia: Camelid 302Dystocia: Small Ruminant 304Echinococcosis 306Economics: Net Present Value∗Economics: Partial Budgeting∗Embryo Transfer: Bovine 308Embryo Transfer: Camelid 310Embryo Transfer: Small Ruminant 312Emesis 314Employee Management∗Endocrine Disorders 316Endometritis 318Enucleation/Exenteration∗Environment and Mastitis∗Enzootic Ataxia 321Enzootic Pneumonia of Calves 323Epidemiologic Study Designs∗Epidemiology: Clinical Versus Statistical Significance∗Epidemiology: Diagnostic Test Use∗Epidemiology: Informatics∗Epidemiology of Mastitis∗Epidemiology: Risk Analysis∗Epidemiology: Systematic Approach to Disease Outbreak Investigations∗Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 325Erythrocytosis (Polycythemia) 327Escherichia coli 330Esophageal Disorders 332Estrus Synchronization: Bovine 335Estrus Synchronization: Small Ruminant 337Evaluating Corn Silages for Feed Value∗Ewe Flock Nutrition∗Extra-label Drug Use and Compounding∗Failure of Passive Transfer 339Fatty Liver 341Feed Additives∗Feeding By-Products to the Beef Cow Herd∗Feeding for Milk Components∗Fescue Toxicity 343Floppy Kid Syndrome 345Fluid Therapy: Intravenous 347Fluid Therapy: Oral 350Fluoride Toxicity 353Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD)∗Foot and Mouth Disease 355Foot Rot: Bovine 357Foot Rot: Small Ruminant 359Freemartinism 361Frostbite 363Fungal Tremorgens 365Gaseous Toxicities∗Gastrointestinal Pharmacology∗Gastrointestinal Surgeries: Laparotomy∗Gastrointestinal Surgeries: Rumenotomy/Rumenostomy∗Goat Milk Quality∗Goat Nutrition∗Gossypol Toxicosis 367Grass Tetany/Hypomagnesemia 369Grayanotoxin 371HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)∗Haemonchosis 372Hazardous Materials Spills Awareness and Response∗Heartwater (Cowdriosis) 376Heat Stress 378Heavy Metal Toxicosis 380Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome 384Hemotropic Mycoplasmas (Formerly Eperythrozoonosis) 386Hereditary Chondrodysplasia: Ovine 388Hernia Surgery∗Histophilus somni Complex 390Hydrometra 394Hydrops 396Hypocalcemia: Bovine 398Hypocalcemia: Small Ruminant 401Indigestion 403Induction of Parturition 405Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis 407Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis 410Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis 412Infertility and Subfertility Issues 414Injection Site Lesions 416Iodine Deficiency and Toxicity 418Jimsonweed Toxicity (Datura stramonium) 420Johne’s Disease 421Juvenile Llama Immunodeficiency Syndrome 423Ketosis: Dairy Cattle 425Lactation Failure (Dysgalactia, Agalactia, Hypogalactia) 428Lameness: Bovine 430Lameness: Camelid 433Lameness: Small Ruminant 435Laminitis in Cattle 437Lantana Toxicosis 439Lead Toxicosis 441Leptospirosis 444Leukocyte Responses in Cattle 447Lightning Strike 451Listeriosis 453Liver Abscesses 455Liver Flukes 458Low-Fat Milk Syndrome 462Lumpy Skin Disease 464Lupine Toxicity 466Lymphocytosis 468Lymphosarcoma 470Maedi-Visna (Ovine Progressive Pneumonia) 473Malignant Catarrhal Fever 476Management of Gunshot Wounds 478Managing Neglect Cases∗Manure Management and Environmental Planning∗Manure Microbiology and Zoonosis∗Mastitis: Bulk Tank Monitoring and Somatic Cell Counts∗Mastitis: Camelids 480Mastitis: Coliform 482Mastitis: Fungal 484Mastitis: Involvement of Milking Equipment and Stray Voltage∗Mastitis: Milking Procedures and Teat Disinfection∗Mastitis: Minor Bacteria 486Mastitis: Monitoring∗Mastitis: Mycoplasmal 488Mastitis: No Growth 491Mastitis: Pharmacology∗Mastitis: Small Ruminant 493Mastitis: Staphylococcal 496Mastitis: Streptococcal 498Melioidosis 501Metaldehyde Toxicosis 503Metritis 505Microbiologic Sampling∗Milk Cow Nutrition Monitoring∗Milk Quality and Composition∗Milk Vein Rupture 508Milkweed (Asclepias spp.) Toxicosis 509Molybdenum Toxicity 511Monensin Toxicity 513Mycoplasma bovis Associated Diseases 516Mycotoxins 518Nairobi Sheep Disease 522Nematodirosis 524Neonatal Diarrhea 526Neonatal Septic Arthritis 529Neonatology: Beef 531Neonatology: Camelid 533Neonatology: Caprine 535Neonatology: Dairy Cattle∗Neonatology: Ovine∗Neosporosis 537Nightshade (Solanum spp.) Toxicosis 539Nitrate and Nitrite Toxicosis 540Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)∗Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases: Beef 542Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases: Camelid∗Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases: Cervidae 544Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases: Dairy 546Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases: Small Ruminant 548Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases: Water Buffalo 550Nutritional Assessment∗Oak (Quercus spp.) Toxicity 553Oestrus ovis Infestation 555Oleander and Cardiotoxic Plant Toxicity 557Oral Disorders 560Orchitis and Epididymitis 562Orf (Contagious Ecthyma) 564Organophosphate Toxicity 566Osteochondrosis 568Ostertagiasis 570Otitis Media/Interna 573Ovarian Cystic Degeneration 576Ovarian Hypoplasia, Bursal Disease, Salpingitis 578Ovine Encephalomyelitis (Louping Ill) 580Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma 582Oxalate Toxicity 584Pain Management∗Parainfluenza-3 Virus 586Parasite Control Programs: Beef 588Parasite Control Programs: Camelid 590Parasite Control Programs: Dairy 594Parasite Control Programs: Small Ruminant 596Parasitic Pneumonia 600Parasitic Skin Diseases: Bovine 602Parasitic Skin Diseases: Camelid 605Parasitic Skin Diseases: Small Ruminant 609Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Meningeal Worm) 612Parenteral Nutrition 614PCR Diagnostics∗Penile Disorders 617Penile Hematoma 620Pericarditis 622Perinatal Lamb Mortality 625Peripheral Nerve Assessment and Dysfunction∗Peste des Petits Ruminants 628Petroleum Product Poisoning 630Pharmaceutical Use: Legal Issues∗Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics∗Phenoxyl Toxicity 632Phosphorus Deficiency/Excess 634Photosensitization 637Pine Needle Toxicity 641Plants Producing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 643Poison Hemlock (Conium spp.) Toxicity 645Polyarthritis 647Postpartum Disorders 649Postparturient Hemoglobinuria 651Postparturient Paresis (Hypocalcemia) 653Precocious Udder 655Pregnancy Diagnosis: Bovine 657Pregnancy Diagnosis: Camelid 659Pregnancy Diagnosis: Small Ruminant 661Pregnancy Toxemia: Bovine 663Pregnancy Toxemia: Camelid 666Pregnancy Toxemia: Small Ruminant 668Prolonged Pregnancy 671Protein Nutrition 673Prudent Use of Antimicrobials∗Pseudocowpox 675Pseudorabies 677Pyelonephritis 679Pyometra 681Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids 683Q Fever (Coxiellosis) 685Quality Assurance for Meat Goats∗Quality Assurance Programs for Beef and Dairy∗Rabies 688Reading and Evaluating Scientific Literature∗Rectal Prolapse 690Reindeer Management: Overview 691Reindeer Management: Population Dynamics 693Repeat Breeder Management 695Reproductive Pharmacology 697Reproductive Prolapse 700Reproductive Tumors 702Reproductive Ultrasonography: Bovine∗Reproductive Ultrasonography: Camelid∗Reproductive Ultrasonography: Small Ruminant∗Respiratory Disease: Bovine 705Respiratory Disease: Camelid 707Respiratory Disease: Pharmacology∗Respiratory Disease: Small Ruminant 710Retained Placenta 712Rift Valley Fever 715Rinderpest∗Ringwomb 717Rodenticide Toxicity 719Rotavirus 723Rumen Dysfunction: Alkalosis 726Rumen Fluid Analysis∗Rumen Transfaunation∗Ruminal Acidosis 727Ryegrass Staggers (Perennial, Lolitrem B) 730Salmonellosis 731Sarcocystosis 734Schmallenberg Virus 736Scrapie 738Segmental Aplasia of the Reproductive Tract 741Selenium Toxicity 743Selenium/Vitamin E Deficiency 746Seminal Vesiculitis 749Senna Species 752Serology∗Sheep and Goat Pox 754Sheep Genetics and Selection∗Silage: Harvesting, Storing, and Feeding∗Small Ruminant Dermatology 756Snakebite 758Sodium Disorders: Hypernatremia 761Sodium Disorders: Hyponatremia 762Sole Lesions in Dairy Cattle 763Spinal Column and Cord Assessment and Dysfunction∗Squamous Cell Carcinoma 766St. John’s Wort Toxicity 769Starvation 771Strongyloidiasis 773Strychnine Poisoning 776Sulfur Toxicity 777Sweet Clover Poisoning 779Sweet Potato Poisoning 780Teaser Preparation 781Teat Lacerations 783Teat Lesions 785Teratogens 787Testicular Disorders: Bovine 790Testicular Disorders: Camelid 792Testicular Disorders: Small Ruminant 794Thelaziasis 796Therapeutics in Male Reproduction: Semen∗Tick Paralysis 797Tobacco Toxicosis 799Tongue Trauma 800Total Mixed Ration: Dairy∗Toxicology: Herd Outbreaks 801Tracheal Edema (“Honker”) Syndrome 803Transition Cow Management∗Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis 805Tremetol: White Snakeroot and Rayless Goldenrod 807Trichomoniasis 809Trypanosomiasis 812Tuberculosis: Bovine 814Ulcerative Posthitis and Vulvitis 816Ultrasonography: Mammary 818Umbilical Disorders 820Urea Toxicity 823Ureaplasma 826Urolithiasis 828Uterine Anomalies 831Uterine Artery Rupture 832Uterine Prolapse 833Uterine Torsion: Bovine 835Uterine Torsion: Camelid 837Uterine Torsion: Small Ruminant 839Vaccination Programs: Beef Cattle 841Vaccination Programs: Camelid 844Vaccination Programs: Cervidae 846Vaccination Programs: Dairy Cattle 848Vaccination Programs: Small Ruminant 850Vaccinology∗Vagal Indigestion 852Vaginitis 856Vesicular Stomatitis 858Veterinarian Legal Liabilities∗Vitamin A Deficiency/Toxicosis 860Vitamin B Deficiency 862Vitamin D Deficiency/Toxicosis 864Vomitoxin 866Vulvitis 868Wastewater Management: Milking Centers∗Water Buffalo Diseases 869Water Buffalo Management 871Water Buffalo Parasite Issues 873Water Buffalo: Reproduction 875Water Hemlock 877Water Quality Issues 878Weight Loss: Bovine 880Weight Loss: Camelid 882Weight Loss: Small Ruminant 884Wesselsbron Disease 886Winter Dysentery 888Wool Rot 890Wound Management 892Yak Management and Disease 894Yak Reproduction 897Yew Toxicity 899Zinc Deficiency and Toxicity 900Appendices 903Appendix 1: Client Communication 905Appendix 2: Euthanasia and Disposal 908Appendix 3: Medical Waste Management: Expired Drugs 910Appendix 4: Physical Examination: Bovine 912Appendix 5: Physical Examination: Camelid 917Appendix 6: Physical Examination: Small Ruminant 920Index 923