JACQUELINE E. KRESS, EDD, is a tenured Professor of Education at Georgian Court University's School of Education in Lakewood Township, New Jersey. She is the author of The ESL Teacher's Book of Lists from Jossey-Bass. EDWARD B. FRY, PHD, (1925–2010), was Professor Emeritus of Education at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Internationally known for his Readability Graph, Fry was the author of more than 30 books.

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• Common Core State Standards xiThe Authors xvPreface to the Sixth Edition xviiSection 1: Foundations 1List 1 Typical Literacy Development 4List 2 Speech Sound Development 8List 3 Sound-Awareness Books 9List 4 Rhyming Books 11List 5 Predictable Books 14List 6 Books without Words 16List 7 Print Concepts 19List 8 Phonics Awareness 20List 9 Rhyming Words 21List 10 Minimal Pairs 23List 11 Word Segmentation 30List 12 Active Response Activities 33List 13 Handwriting Charts 36List 14 Reading and Language Tips for Parents of Young Children 38List 15 Language Arts Glossary for Parents and Others 41Section 2: Phonics 51List 16 Suggested Phonics Teaching Order 53List 17 Consonant Sounds and Spellings 55List 18 Vowel Sounds and Spellings 57List 19 Double Vowels 58List 20 The Final E Rule 59List 21 Sound Determined by Letter Position 60List 22 Phonics Example Words 61List 23 The Most Common Phonograms 78List 24 Phonograms 79List 25 Phonically Irregular Words 88List 26 Standalones—Words without Rhymes 89List 27 Syllabication Rules 90Section 3: Useful Words 93List 28 High-Frequency Instant Words 95List 29 Homophones 102List 30 Homographs and Heteronyms 110List 31 Easily Confused Words 119List 32 Collective Nouns 122List 33 Mass or Uncountable Nouns 124List 34 Compound Words 126List 35 Nonreversible Word Pairs 129List 36 Similes 130List 37 Metaphors 131List 38 Collocations 132List 39 Common Word Idioms 133List 40 Idiomatic Expressions 135Section 4: Vocabulary Builders 139List 41 The Twenty Most Common Prefixes 142List 42 Prefixes of Number, Size, and Amount 143List 43 More Prefixes 145List 44 The Twenty Most Common Suffixes 149List 45 Inflectional Suffixes 150List 46 More Suffixes 151List 47 Greek and Latin Roots 155List 48 -Ology Word Family 160List 49 -Phobia and -Philia Word Families 161List 50 Synonyms 162List 51 Antonyms 165List 52 Words with Multiple Meanings 168List 53 Onomatopoeia 171List 54 Portmanteau or Blended Words 173List 55 Clipped Words 175List 56 Oxymorons 176List 57 Sesquipedalian Superstars 177List 58 Eponyms and Toponyms—Words Based on Names 181List 59 Neologisms or New Words 186List 60 Words Borrowed from Other Languages 191List 61 French and Latin Phrases 194List 62 American and British English Words 196List 63 Words and Phrases from Mythology 198List 64 Shakespeare in Words and Phrases 203Section 5: Content Literacy 205List 65 High-Utility Academic Words—Primary Grades 1 to 3 208List 66 High-Utility Academic Words—Intermediate Grades 4 to 8 210List 67 Math Vocabulary—Primary Grades 1 to 3 213List 68 Math Vocabulary—Elementary Grades 4 to 5 217List 69 Math Vocabulary—Intermediate Grades 6 to 8 220List 70 US Customary Measurement System 224List 71 Metric System of Measurement (SI) 226List 72 Metric and Customary Equivalents and Conversion 228List 73 Roman Numerals 230List 74 Reading Math Symbols 231List 75 Social Studies Vocabulary—Primary Grades 1 to 3 233List 76 Social Studies Vocabulary—Intermediate Grades 4 to 8 234List 77 Social Studies Vocabulary—Secondary Grades 9 to 12 238List 78 Geography Vocabulary—Primary Grades 1 to 3 240List 79 Geography Vocabulary—Intermediate Grades 4 to 8 241List 80 Geography Fast Facts 243List 81 US States and Their Capitals 245List 82 States of Mexico and Their Capitals 247List 83 Provinces of Canada and Their Capitals 248List 84 Science Vocabulary—Primary Grades 1 to 3 249List 85 Science Vocabulary—Elementary Grades 4 to 6 252Section 6: Books 257List 86 Book Words 260List 87 Genres and Text Types 262List 88 New and Old Favorite Books to Read Aloud 265List 89 Award-Winning Children’s Books 270List 90 Books for Word Play 274List 91 Children’s All-Time Favorite Books 276List 92 Books for Reluctant Readers 278List 93 Kids’ Magazines for Readers and Writers 281List 94 Booklist Collections 284List 95 Book Interest Arousers 287List 96 Fifty Postreading Response Ideas 288List 97 The Fry Readability Graph 290List 98 Readability Score Comparisons 292List 99 Exemplar Texts for ELA and Subject Area Literacy 293Section 7: Comprehension 299List 100 BDA Comprehension Strategies 302List 101 Context Clues and Word Meaning 304List 102 Syntax and Comprehension 306List 103 Comprehension Questions 307List 104 Question Starters for Discussions 309List 105 Proverbs 310List 106 Graphic Organizers 316List 107 Problem-Solving Guide 321List 108 Paragraph and Text Organization 322List 109 Character Traits 325List 110 Tone and Mood Words 330List 111 Point of View 333List 112 Language Registers 335List 113 Persuasive Techniques 338List 114 Literary Terms 339Section 8: Fluency 343List 115 Fluency Elements 346List 116 Sentence Tunes 348List 117 Fluency and Punctuation 349List 118 Fluency Teaching Methods 351List 119 Oral Reading Activities 353List 120 Optimal Oral Reading Rates 355List 121 Oral Reading Fluency Rubric 356Section 9: Language 357List 122 Common Features of Language 359List 123 Parts of Speech 361List 124 Key Verb Concepts 362List 125 Common Verb Tenses 364List 126 Irregular Verb Patterns 367List 127 Basic Sentence Patterns 370List 128 Capitalization Guidelines 371List 129 Contractions 372List 130 Punctuation Guidelines 373Section 10: Spelling 377List 131 Spelling Demons—Elementary 380List 132 Spelling Demons—Intermediate 381List 133 Spelling Demons—National Spelling Bee 383List 134 Spelling Rules for Adding Suffixes 384List 135 Plurals 386List 136 Spelling and Pronunciation 388List 137 Common Abbreviations 389Section 11: Writing 393List 138 Narrative and Informational Text 396List 139 Story Starters 397List 140 Prompts for Expository Writing 399List 141 Descriptive Words 402List 142 Color Words 406List 143 Sense Words for Descriptive Writing 407List 144 Signal and Transition Words 410List 145 He Said/She Said 415List 146 Checklist for Narrative Writing—Primary 417List 147 Checklist for Opinion Writing—Primary 418List 148 Checklist for Informative or Explanatory Writing—Primary 419List 149 Checklist for Narrative Writing—Elementary 420List 150 Checklist for Opinion/Argument Writing—Elementary 421List 151 Checklist for Informative or Explanatory Writing—Elementary 422List 152 Teacher’s Corrective Feedback Code 423List 153 Proofreading Marks 424List 154 Hyphenation Rules for Writing 425List 155 Nonbiased Language Guidelines 426List 156 Acronyms and Initializations 429Section 12: Teaching Ideas 431List 157 Tips for Reading Teachers 433List 158 Games and Teaching Activities 434List 159 Language Development through Drama 438List 160 Word Wall Lists 440List 161 Student/Group Project Planner 446List 162 Working in Teams 448List 163 Teamwork Rules 450List 164 Teaching with Magazines and Newspapers 451List 165 Sample Reading Block Schedule 452List 166 Activities for Tutors and Volunteers 453List 167 One Hundred Ways to Praise 455List 168 Activities for Multiple Intelligences 457List 169 Multiple Intelligences Questionnaire—Elementary 459List 170 Multiple Intelligences Questionnaire—Middle and High School 461List 171 Report Card Helpers—Euphemisms 463List 172 Reading Organizations and Journals 464List 173 Publishers of Reading Materials and Tests 467List 174 Education Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initializations 468Section 13: English Language Learners 471List 175 Teaching Tips for ELLs’ Success 474List 176 Realia and Manipulatives 476List 177 Class and School Vocabulary for ELLs 477List 178 Students’ Language Background 480List 179 English Sounds Not Used in Other Languages 481List 180 Problem English Sounds for ELLs 482List 181 Spanish Alphabet and Phonics 483List 182 Useful Spanish Words and Phrases for Teachers 486List 183 Three Hundred Most Frequently Used Spanish Words 493List 184 Dichos—Spanish Proverbs 497Section 14: Assessment 499List 185 Assessment Methods 502List 186 Assessment Terms 504List 187 Normal Distribution 507List 188 Study Skills Checklist 508List 189 Memory and Recall Techniques 510List 190 Test-taking Strategies 512List 191 Test Words 514List 192 Interest Inventory—Primary 516List 193 Interest Inventory—Elementary/Intermediate 517List 194 Cloze Procedure Variations 518List 195 Analogies 520List 196 Rubrics for Narrative Writing—Primary 522List 197 Rubrics for Opinion Writing—Primary 523List 198 Rubrics for Informative or Explanatory Writing—Primary 524List 199 Rubrics for Narrative Writing—Elementary 525List 200 Rubrics for Opinion/Argument Writing—Elementary 527List 201 Rubrics for Informative or Explanatory Writing—Elementary 529Section 15: Word Play 531List 202 Jump Rope Rhymes 534List 203 Tongue Twisters 539List 204 Children’s Humor: What Kids Say 542List 205 Popular First Names 544List 206 Fun Names 547List 207 Curious Place Names 548List 208 Anagrams 550List 209 Palindromes 552List 210 Proverbs in Disguise 554List 211 Rools for Good Writing 555List 212 Poetry for Language Laughs 557List 213 Surprising Reading Research 559List 214 Wacky Wordies—Visual Word Puzzles 560Section 16: Alphabets and Symbols 567List 215 Alphabet Letter Frequency 569List 216 Alphabet Websites 570List 217 Different Alphabets 571List 218 Ancient Egyptian Alphabet—Hieroglyphs 572List 219 Native American Symbols 573List 220 American Manual Alphabet 574List 221 American Sign Language 575List 222 Braille Alphabet 576List 223 Radio Voice Alphabet 577List 224 Morse Code 577List 225 Traffic Signs 578Section 17: Information Literacy 583List 226 Evaluating Online Resources 586List 227 Developing Citation Skills 588List 228 Making a Document Interactive 590List 229 Fifty Uses for Graphic Organizers 592List 230 Dictionary and Glossary Skills 594List 231 Dictionary Pronunciation Symbols 596List 232 Library Classification Systems 598Section 18: Digital Resources 601List 233 Search Tips and Strategies 603List 234 Simple Search Strategies 605List 235 Websites for Reading and Literacy 606List 236 Websites for Children’s Literature 608List 237 Websites for Word Lovers 610List 238 Virtual Reference Library 611Index 613