Joel D. Irish is Professor of Bioarchaeology in the Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, at Liverpool John Moores University, UK, and Professor Emeritus in the Anthropology Department at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. His research focuses on dental nonmetric and odontometric variation to estimate biological affinity in recent humans and fossil hominins. G. Richard Scott is Foundation Professor of Anthropology at the University of Nevada Reno, and Professor Emeritus at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where he taught for 24 years. He has published widely on issues relating to tooth crown and root morphology and biological affinity.

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• Notes on Contributors viiiForeword xvAcknowledgments xviiiPart I Context 11 Introduction to Dental Anthropology 3Joel D. Irish and G. Richard Scott2 A Brief History of Dental Anthropology 7G. Richard ScottPart II Dental Evolution 193 Origins and Functions of Teeth: From “Toothed” Worms to Mammals 21Peter S. Ungar4 The Teeth of Prosimians, Monkeys, and Apes 37Frank P. Cuozzo5 The Hominins 1: Australopithecines and Their Ancestors 52Lucas K. Delezene6 The Hominins 2: The Genus Homo 67Maria Martinon‐Torres and Jose Maria Bermudez de CastroPart III The Human Dentition 857 Terms and Terminology Used in Dental Anthropology 87Joel D. Irish8 Anatomy of Individual Teeth and Tooth Classes 94Loren R. Lease9 The Masticatory System and Its Function 108Peter W. LucasPart IV Dental Growth and Development 12110 An Overview of Dental Genetics 123Toby Hughes, Grant Townsend, and Michelle Bockmann11 Odontogenesis 142Edward F. Harris12 Tooth Eruption and Timing 159Helen M. Liversidge13 Tooth Classes, Field Concepts, and Symmetry 172Grant Townsend, Alan Brook, Robin Yong, and Toby HughesPart V Dental Histology from the Inside Out 18914 The Pulp Cavity and Its Contents 191Scott S. Legge and Anna M. Hardin15 Dentine and Cementum Structure and Properties 204Nancy Tang, Adeline Le Cabec, and Daniel Antoine16 Enamel Structure and Properties 223Daniel Antoine and Simon HillsonPart VI Dental Morphometric Variation in Populations 24517 Identifying and Recording Key Morphological (Nonmetric) Crown and Root Traits 247G. Richard Scott, Christopher Maier and Kelly Heim18 Assessing Dental Nonmetric Variation among Populations 265Joel D. Irish19 Measurement of Tooth Size (Odontometrics) 287Brian E. Hemphill20 Assessing Odontometric Variation among Populations 311Brian E. HemphillPart VII Dental Morphometric Variation in Individuals 33721 Forensic Odontology 339Heather J.H. Edgar and Anna L.M. Rautman22 Estimating Age, Sex, and Individual ID from Teeth 362Christopher W. Schmidt23 Indicators of Idiosyncratic Behavior in the Dentition 377Christopher M. Stojanowski, Kent M. Johnson, Kathleen S. Paul, and Charisse L. Carver24 Dentition, Behavior, and Diet Determination 396Kristin L. KruegerPart VIII Dental Health and Disease 41325 Crown Wear: Identification and Categorization 415Scott E. Burnett26 Caries: The Ancient Scourge 433Daniel H. Temple27 Dental Stress Indicators from Micro‐ to Macroscopic 450Debbie Guatelli‐Steinberg28 A Host of Other Dental Diseases and Disorders 465Greg C. NelsonPart IX The Future of Dental Anthropology 48529 New Directions in Dental Development Research 487John P. Hunter and Debbie Guatelli‐Steinberg30 Chemical and Isotopic Analyses of Dental Tissues 499Louise T. Humphrey31 Non‐Invasive Imaging Techniques 514Jose BragaIndex 528

Joel D. Irish is Professor of Bioarchaeology in the Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, at Liverpool John Moores University, UK, and Professor Emeritus in the Anthropology Department at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. His research focuses on dental nonmetric and odontometric variation to estimate biological affinity in recent humans and fossil hominins. G. Richard Scott is Foundation Professor of Anthropology at the University of Nevada Reno, and Professor Emeritus at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where he taught for 24 years. He has published widely on issues relating to tooth crown and root morphology and biological affinity.

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• Notes on Contributors viiiForeword xvAcknowledgments xviiiPart I Context 11 Introduction to Dental Anthropology 3Joel D. Irish and G. Richard Scott2 A Brief History of Dental Anthropology 7G. Richard ScottPart II Dental Evolution 193 Origins and Functions of Teeth: From “Toothed” Worms to Mammals 21Peter S. Ungar4 The Teeth of Prosimians, Monkeys, and Apes 37Frank P. Cuozzo5 The Hominins 1: Australopithecines and Their Ancestors 52Lucas K. Delezene6 The Hominins 2: The Genus Homo 67Maria Martinon‐Torres and Jose Maria Bermudez de CastroPart III The Human Dentition 857 Terms and Terminology Used in Dental Anthropology 87Joel D. Irish8 Anatomy of Individual Teeth and Tooth Classes 94Loren R. Lease9 The Masticatory System and Its Function 108Peter W. LucasPart IV Dental Growth and Development 12110 An Overview of Dental Genetics 123Toby Hughes, Grant Townsend, and Michelle Bockmann11 Odontogenesis 142Edward F. Harris12 Tooth Eruption and Timing 159Helen M. Liversidge13 Tooth Classes, Field Concepts, and Symmetry 172Grant Townsend, Alan Brook, Robin Yong, and Toby HughesPart V Dental Histology from the Inside Out 18914 The Pulp Cavity and Its Contents 191Scott S. Legge and Anna M. Hardin15 Dentine and Cementum Structure and Properties 204Nancy Tang, Adeline Le Cabec, and Daniel Antoine16 Enamel Structure and Properties 223Daniel Antoine and Simon HillsonPart VI Dental Morphometric Variation in Populations 24517 Identifying and Recording Key Morphological (Nonmetric) Crown and Root Traits 247G. Richard Scott, Christopher Maier and Kelly Heim18 Assessing Dental Nonmetric Variation among Populations 265Joel D. Irish19 Measurement of Tooth Size (Odontometrics) 287Brian E. Hemphill20 Assessing Odontometric Variation among Populations 311Brian E. HemphillPart VII Dental Morphometric Variation in Individuals 33721 Forensic Odontology 339Heather J.H. Edgar and Anna L.M. Rautman22 Estimating Age, Sex, and Individual ID from Teeth 362Christopher W. Schmidt23 Indicators of Idiosyncratic Behavior in the Dentition 377Christopher M. Stojanowski, Kent M. Johnson, Kathleen S. Paul, and Charisse L. Carver24 Dentition, Behavior, and Diet Determination 396Kristin L. KruegerPart VIII Dental Health and Disease 41325 Crown Wear: Identification and Categorization 415Scott E. Burnett26 Caries: The Ancient Scourge 433Daniel H. Temple27 Dental Stress Indicators from Micro‐ to Macroscopic 450Debbie Guatelli‐Steinberg28 A Host of Other Dental Diseases and Disorders 465Greg C. NelsonPart IX The Future of Dental Anthropology 48529 New Directions in Dental Development Research 487John P. Hunter and Debbie Guatelli‐Steinberg30 Chemical and Isotopic Analyses of Dental Tissues 499Louise T. Humphrey31 Non‐Invasive Imaging Techniques 514Jose BragaIndex 528

Joel D. Irish is Professor of Bioarchaeology in the Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, at Liverpool John Moores University, UK, and Professor Emeritus in the Anthropology Department at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. His research focuses on dental nonmetric and odontometric variation to estimate biological affinity in recent humans and fossil hominins. G. Richard Scott is Foundation Professor of Anthropology at the University of Nevada Reno, and Professor Emeritus at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where he taught for 24 years. He has published widely on issues relating to tooth crown and root morphology and biological affinity.

Select Guide Rating

• Notes on Contributors viiiForeword xvAcknowledgments xviiiPart I Context 11 Introduction to Dental Anthropology 3Joel D. Irish and G. Richard Scott2 A Brief History of Dental Anthropology 7G. Richard ScottPart II Dental Evolution 193 Origins and Functions of Teeth: From “Toothed” Worms to Mammals 21Peter S. Ungar4 The Teeth of Prosimians, Monkeys, and Apes 37Frank P. Cuozzo5 The Hominins 1: Australopithecines and Their Ancestors 52Lucas K. Delezene6 The Hominins 2: The Genus Homo 67Maria Martinon‐Torres and Jose Maria Bermudez de CastroPart III The Human Dentition 857 Terms and Terminology Used in Dental Anthropology 87Joel D. Irish8 Anatomy of Individual Teeth and Tooth Classes 94Loren R. Lease9 The Masticatory System and Its Function 108Peter W. LucasPart IV Dental Growth and Development 12110 An Overview of Dental Genetics 123Toby Hughes, Grant Townsend, and Michelle Bockmann11 Odontogenesis 142Edward F. Harris12 Tooth Eruption and Timing 159Helen M. Liversidge13 Tooth Classes, Field Concepts, and Symmetry 172Grant Townsend, Alan Brook, Robin Yong, and Toby HughesPart V Dental Histology from the Inside Out 18914 The Pulp Cavity and Its Contents 191Scott S. Legge and Anna M. Hardin15 Dentine and Cementum Structure and Properties 204Nancy Tang, Adeline Le Cabec, and Daniel Antoine16 Enamel Structure and Properties 223Daniel Antoine and Simon HillsonPart VI Dental Morphometric Variation in Populations 24517 Identifying and Recording Key Morphological (Nonmetric) Crown and Root Traits 247G. Richard Scott, Christopher Maier and Kelly Heim18 Assessing Dental Nonmetric Variation among Populations 265Joel D. Irish19 Measurement of Tooth Size (Odontometrics) 287Brian E. Hemphill20 Assessing Odontometric Variation among Populations 311Brian E. HemphillPart VII Dental Morphometric Variation in Individuals 33721 Forensic Odontology 339Heather J.H. Edgar and Anna L.M. Rautman22 Estimating Age, Sex, and Individual ID from Teeth 362Christopher W. Schmidt23 Indicators of Idiosyncratic Behavior in the Dentition 377Christopher M. Stojanowski, Kent M. Johnson, Kathleen S. Paul, and Charisse L. Carver24 Dentition, Behavior, and Diet Determination 396Kristin L. KruegerPart VIII Dental Health and Disease 41325 Crown Wear: Identification and Categorization 415Scott E. Burnett26 Caries: The Ancient Scourge 433Daniel H. Temple27 Dental Stress Indicators from Micro‐ to Macroscopic 450Debbie Guatelli‐Steinberg28 A Host of Other Dental Diseases and Disorders 465Greg C. NelsonPart IX The Future of Dental Anthropology 48529 New Directions in Dental Development Research 487John P. Hunter and Debbie Guatelli‐Steinberg30 Chemical and Isotopic Analyses of Dental Tissues 499Louise T. Humphrey31 Non‐Invasive Imaging Techniques 514Jose BragaIndex 528