Kingsley Bolton is Professor Emeritus at Stockholm University, Sweden, and Honorary Professor at the Social Sciences Research Centre at The University of Hong Kong. He has published widely on English linguistics and the sociolinguistics of the Asian region. He is Co-Editor of the journal World Englishes and Executive Director of the International Association for World Englishes. Werner Botha is Senior Lecturer at Flinders University, Australia. His current research focuses on language variation, educational linguistics, and the sociolinguistics of English in higher education in Singapore, South Africa, and China. He is Assistant Editor of the Wiley journal World Englishes. Andy Kirkpatrick is Professor in Linguistics at Griffith University, Australia, and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. He is author of World Englishes: Implications for ELT and International Communication (2007) and Is English an Asian Language? (2020).

"In sum, The Handbook of Asian Englishes is definitely recommended for scholars studying varieties of English, particularly in the Asian region, because these varieties are still developing and have much potential for future research."—LINGUIST List 32.2778

• Notes on Contributors ix1 Asian Englishes Today 1Kingsley Bolton, Werner Botha, and Andy KirkpatrickPart I The History and Development of Asian Englishes 132 Asia before English 15Alexander R. Coupe and František Kratochvíl3 The Statistics of English across Asia 49Kingsley Bolton and John Bacon-Shone4 English and Language Policies in East and Southeast Asia 81Andy Kirkpatrick and Anthony J. Liddicoat5 English in Asian Schools 107Ee-Ling Low6 English in Asian Universities 133Kingsley Bolton and Werner Botha7 The Features of Asian Englishes: Morphosyntax 169Werner Botha and Tobias Bernaisch8 The Features of Asian Englishes: Phonology 189Ishamina Athirah Gardiner and David Deterding9 The Lexicography of Asian Englishes 209James LambertPart II English in Outer Circle Asian Societies 24110 Indian English 243S. N. Sridhar11 Pakistani English 279Tariq Rahman12 Bangladeshi English 297M. Obaidul Hamid and MD. Mahmudul Hasan13 Nepali English 317Ram Ashish Giri14 Sri Lankan English 337Tanya N. I. Ekanayaka15 Myanmar English 355Khin Khin Aye16 Malaysian English 373Azirah Hashim17 Brunei English 399James Mclellan18 Singapore English 419Francesco Cavallaro, Bee Chin Ng, and Ying-Ying Tan19 Hong Kong English 449Kingsley Bolton, John Bacon-Shone, and Kang Kwong Luke20 Philippine English 479Isabel Pefianco MartinPart III English in Expanding Circle Asian Societies 50121 English in China 503Kingsley Bolton, Werner Botha, and Wei Zhang22 English in Macau 529Werner Botha and Andrew Moody23 English in Taiwan 547Peter Iori Kobayashi24 English in Japan 569Philip Seargeant25 English in Korea 585Jamie Shinhee Lee26 English in Indonesia 605Allan F. Lauder27 English in Thailand 629Sawitri Pechapan-Hammond28 English in Cambodia 649phen H. Moore and Suksiri Bounchan29 English in Laos 667Lynda Achren and Daravone Kittiphanh30 English in Vietnam 683Peter Sundkvist and Xuan Nhat Chi Mai NguyenPart IV New Frontiers of Research 70531 Globalization and Asian Englishes 707Mario Saraceni32 English as an ASEAN Lingua Franca 725Andy Kirkpatrick33 Corpus Linguistics and Asian Englishes 741Joybrato Mukherjee and Tobias Bernaisch34 English in Asian Popular Culture 763Andrew Moody35 Asian Literatures in English 787Shirley Geok-Lin Lim, Christopher B. Patterson, Y-Dang Troeung, and Weihsin Gui36 English and Asian Religions 813Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew37 English in Asian Linguistic Landscapes 833Kingsley Bolton, Werner Botha, and Siu-Lun Lee38 English in Asian Legal Systems 863Richard PowellIndex 887

Kingsley Bolton is Professor Emeritus at Stockholm University, Sweden, and Honorary Professor at the Social Sciences Research Centre at The University of Hong Kong. He has published widely on English linguistics and the sociolinguistics of the Asian region. He is Co-Editor of the journal World Englishes and Executive Director of the International Association for World Englishes. Werner Botha is Senior Lecturer at Flinders University, Australia. His current research focuses on language variation, educational linguistics, and the sociolinguistics of English in higher education in Singapore, South Africa, and China. He is Assistant Editor of the Wiley journal World Englishes. Andy Kirkpatrick is Professor in Linguistics at Griffith University, Australia, and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. He is author of World Englishes: Implications for ELT and International Communication (2007) and Is English an Asian Language? (2020).

"In sum, The Handbook of Asian Englishes is definitely recommended for scholars studying varieties of English, particularly in the Asian region, because these varieties are still developing and have much potential for future research."—LINGUIST List 32.2778

• Notes on Contributors ix1 Asian Englishes Today 1Kingsley Bolton, Werner Botha, and Andy KirkpatrickPart I The History and Development of Asian Englishes 132 Asia before English 15Alexander R. Coupe and František Kratochvíl3 The Statistics of English across Asia 49Kingsley Bolton and John Bacon-Shone4 English and Language Policies in East and Southeast Asia 81Andy Kirkpatrick and Anthony J. Liddicoat5 English in Asian Schools 107Ee-Ling Low6 English in Asian Universities 133Kingsley Bolton and Werner Botha7 The Features of Asian Englishes: Morphosyntax 169Werner Botha and Tobias Bernaisch8 The Features of Asian Englishes: Phonology 189Ishamina Athirah Gardiner and David Deterding9 The Lexicography of Asian Englishes 209James LambertPart II English in Outer Circle Asian Societies 24110 Indian English 243S. N. Sridhar11 Pakistani English 279Tariq Rahman12 Bangladeshi English 297M. Obaidul Hamid and MD. Mahmudul Hasan13 Nepali English 317Ram Ashish Giri14 Sri Lankan English 337Tanya N. I. Ekanayaka15 Myanmar English 355Khin Khin Aye16 Malaysian English 373Azirah Hashim17 Brunei English 399James Mclellan18 Singapore English 419Francesco Cavallaro, Bee Chin Ng, and Ying-Ying Tan19 Hong Kong English 449Kingsley Bolton, John Bacon-Shone, and Kang Kwong Luke20 Philippine English 479Isabel Pefianco MartinPart III English in Expanding Circle Asian Societies 50121 English in China 503Kingsley Bolton, Werner Botha, and Wei Zhang22 English in Macau 529Werner Botha and Andrew Moody23 English in Taiwan 547Peter Iori Kobayashi24 English in Japan 569Philip Seargeant25 English in Korea 585Jamie Shinhee Lee26 English in Indonesia 605Allan F. Lauder27 English in Thailand 629Sawitri Pechapan-Hammond28 English in Cambodia 649phen H. Moore and Suksiri Bounchan29 English in Laos 667Lynda Achren and Daravone Kittiphanh30 English in Vietnam 683Peter Sundkvist and Xuan Nhat Chi Mai NguyenPart IV New Frontiers of Research 70531 Globalization and Asian Englishes 707Mario Saraceni32 English as an ASEAN Lingua Franca 725Andy Kirkpatrick33 Corpus Linguistics and Asian Englishes 741Joybrato Mukherjee and Tobias Bernaisch34 English in Asian Popular Culture 763Andrew Moody35 Asian Literatures in English 787Shirley Geok-Lin Lim, Christopher B. Patterson, Y-Dang Troeung, and Weihsin Gui36 English and Asian Religions 813Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew37 English in Asian Linguistic Landscapes 833Kingsley Bolton, Werner Botha, and Siu-Lun Lee38 English in Asian Legal Systems 863Richard PowellIndex 887

Kingsley Bolton is Professor Emeritus at Stockholm University, Sweden, and Honorary Professor at the Social Sciences Research Centre at The University of Hong Kong. He has published widely on English linguistics and the sociolinguistics of the Asian region. He is Co-Editor of the journal World Englishes and Executive Director of the International Association for World Englishes. Werner Botha is Senior Lecturer at Flinders University, Australia. His current research focuses on language variation, educational linguistics, and the sociolinguistics of English in higher education in Singapore, South Africa, and China. He is Assistant Editor of the Wiley journal World Englishes. Andy Kirkpatrick is Professor in Linguistics at Griffith University, Australia, and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. He is author of World Englishes: Implications for ELT and International Communication (2007) and Is English an Asian Language? (2020).

"In sum, The Handbook of Asian Englishes is definitely recommended for scholars studying varieties of English, particularly in the Asian region, because these varieties are still developing and have much potential for future research."—LINGUIST List 32.2778

• Notes on Contributors ix1 Asian Englishes Today 1Kingsley Bolton, Werner Botha, and Andy KirkpatrickPart I The History and Development of Asian Englishes 132 Asia before English 15Alexander R. Coupe and František Kratochvíl3 The Statistics of English across Asia 49Kingsley Bolton and John Bacon-Shone4 English and Language Policies in East and Southeast Asia 81Andy Kirkpatrick and Anthony J. Liddicoat5 English in Asian Schools 107Ee-Ling Low6 English in Asian Universities 133Kingsley Bolton and Werner Botha7 The Features of Asian Englishes: Morphosyntax 169Werner Botha and Tobias Bernaisch8 The Features of Asian Englishes: Phonology 189Ishamina Athirah Gardiner and David Deterding9 The Lexicography of Asian Englishes 209James LambertPart II English in Outer Circle Asian Societies 24110 Indian English 243S. N. Sridhar11 Pakistani English 279Tariq Rahman12 Bangladeshi English 297M. Obaidul Hamid and MD. Mahmudul Hasan13 Nepali English 317Ram Ashish Giri14 Sri Lankan English 337Tanya N. I. Ekanayaka15 Myanmar English 355Khin Khin Aye16 Malaysian English 373Azirah Hashim17 Brunei English 399James Mclellan18 Singapore English 419Francesco Cavallaro, Bee Chin Ng, and Ying-Ying Tan19 Hong Kong English 449Kingsley Bolton, John Bacon-Shone, and Kang Kwong Luke20 Philippine English 479Isabel Pefianco MartinPart III English in Expanding Circle Asian Societies 50121 English in China 503Kingsley Bolton, Werner Botha, and Wei Zhang22 English in Macau 529Werner Botha and Andrew Moody23 English in Taiwan 547Peter Iori Kobayashi24 English in Japan 569Philip Seargeant25 English in Korea 585Jamie Shinhee Lee26 English in Indonesia 605Allan F. Lauder27 English in Thailand 629Sawitri Pechapan-Hammond28 English in Cambodia 649phen H. Moore and Suksiri Bounchan29 English in Laos 667Lynda Achren and Daravone Kittiphanh30 English in Vietnam 683Peter Sundkvist and Xuan Nhat Chi Mai NguyenPart IV New Frontiers of Research 70531 Globalization and Asian Englishes 707Mario Saraceni32 English as an ASEAN Lingua Franca 725Andy Kirkpatrick33 Corpus Linguistics and Asian Englishes 741Joybrato Mukherjee and Tobias Bernaisch34 English in Asian Popular Culture 763Andrew Moody35 Asian Literatures in English 787Shirley Geok-Lin Lim, Christopher B. Patterson, Y-Dang Troeung, and Weihsin Gui36 English and Asian Religions 813Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew37 English in Asian Linguistic Landscapes 833Kingsley Bolton, Werner Botha, and Siu-Lun Lee38 English in Asian Legal Systems 863Richard PowellIndex 887