Daniel W. Graham is Professor of Philosophy at Brigham Young University. He is past president of the International Association for Presocratic Studies. He is author of Aristotle's Two Systems, co-editor of The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy, editor and translator of The Texts of Early Greek Philosophy, and author of Science Before Socrates. He has been a visiting fellow at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and a visiting professor at Yale University.

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• Preface viii1 Introduction 11.1 From Mythology to Philosophy 21.2 History and Philosophy 31.3 Overview 7Notes 142 The Presocratics 152.1 The Birth of the Gods 152.2 A New Way of Understanding 162.3 Theories of Matter 172.4 Parmenides’s Criticisms of Natural Philosophy 232.5 After Parmenides 272.6 Cosmogony and Cosmology 312.7 Sophistic 342.8 Conclusion 39Notes 403 Socrates 423.1 The Socratic Problem 423.2 Socratic Paradoxes 453.3 Negative Method 473.4 Intellectualism 493.5 Living Virtuously 513.6 Logic Therapy 543.7 Socrates and the State 573.8 Conclusion 59Notes 604 Plato 634.1 Life and Work 634.2 The Soul and Knowledge 674.3 The Transcendent Forms 694.4 The Forms and the Soul 704.5 The Republic 734.6 The Theory of Forms and Its Problems 794.7 Cosmology, Science, and Theology 844.8 Conclusion 87Notes 875 Aristotle 895.1 Life and Works 895.2 Basic Ontology 925.3 Logic, Science, Knowledge 965.4 Nature, Change, and Explanation 1005.5 Cosmology 1095.6 Psychology 1135.7 Metaphysics 1165.8 Ethics 1185.9 Conclusion 127Notes 1286 Hellenistic Philosophy 1306.1 Epicureanism 1316.2 Stoicism 1376.3 Skepticism 1476.4 Conclusion 154Notes 1557 Plotinus and Neoplatonism 1567.1 Middle Platonism 1577.2 Plotinus 1587.3 The Hierarchy of Being 1597.4 Souls 1627.5 Ethics 1647.6 Greco‐Roman Theology 1667.7 Influence 169Notes 1708 Augustine and Christian Philosophy 1728.1 Jewish Intellectual Developments 1728.2 Early Christian Thought 1758.3 Augustine 178Notes 187References 189Index 198

Daniel W. Graham is Professor of Philosophy at Brigham Young University. He is past president of the International Association for Presocratic Studies. He is author of Aristotle's Two Systems, co-editor of The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy, editor and translator of The Texts of Early Greek Philosophy, and author of Science Before Socrates. He has been a visiting fellow at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and a visiting professor at Yale University.

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• Preface viii1 Introduction 11.1 From Mythology to Philosophy 21.2 History and Philosophy 31.3 Overview 7Notes 142 The Presocratics 152.1 The Birth of the Gods 152.2 A New Way of Understanding 162.3 Theories of Matter 172.4 Parmenides’s Criticisms of Natural Philosophy 232.5 After Parmenides 272.6 Cosmogony and Cosmology 312.7 Sophistic 342.8 Conclusion 39Notes 403 Socrates 423.1 The Socratic Problem 423.2 Socratic Paradoxes 453.3 Negative Method 473.4 Intellectualism 493.5 Living Virtuously 513.6 Logic Therapy 543.7 Socrates and the State 573.8 Conclusion 59Notes 604 Plato 634.1 Life and Work 634.2 The Soul and Knowledge 674.3 The Transcendent Forms 694.4 The Forms and the Soul 704.5 The Republic 734.6 The Theory of Forms and Its Problems 794.7 Cosmology, Science, and Theology 844.8 Conclusion 87Notes 875 Aristotle 895.1 Life and Works 895.2 Basic Ontology 925.3 Logic, Science, Knowledge 965.4 Nature, Change, and Explanation 1005.5 Cosmology 1095.6 Psychology 1135.7 Metaphysics 1165.8 Ethics 1185.9 Conclusion 127Notes 1286 Hellenistic Philosophy 1306.1 Epicureanism 1316.2 Stoicism 1376.3 Skepticism 1476.4 Conclusion 154Notes 1557 Plotinus and Neoplatonism 1567.1 Middle Platonism 1577.2 Plotinus 1587.3 The Hierarchy of Being 1597.4 Souls 1627.5 Ethics 1647.6 Greco‐Roman Theology 1667.7 Influence 169Notes 1708 Augustine and Christian Philosophy 1728.1 Jewish Intellectual Developments 1728.2 Early Christian Thought 1758.3 Augustine 178Notes 187References 189Index 198