Lalit K. Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.Gaurav Chaudhary, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned Since a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technolog in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

• 1 Production of Bioenergy in the Framework of Circular Economy: A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador 1Vega-Quezada Cristhian, Blanco María and Romero Hugo1.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Energy and Bioenergy 21.1.2 Ecuadorian Case 41.2 A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador 51.2.1 Biogas 51.2.1.1 CO2 Emissions 81.2.1.2 Potential Electricity Power 121.2.2 Biodiesel 141.2.2.1 Biodiesel in Ecuador 151.2.3 Microalgae Biodiesel 161.2.3.1 Biomass Production 181.2.3.2 Lipid Extraction 181.3 Microalgae versus Palm Oil in Ecuador 191.3.1 Palm Oil 201.3.2 Microalgae Oil 211.3.2.1 Microalgae in Open Ponds 231.3.2.2 Microalgae in Laminar Photobioreactor 241.4 Discussion 271.5 Conclusion 29Acknowledgements 29References 302 The Impact of Biomass Feedstock Composition and Pre-treatments on Tar Formation during Biomass Gasification 33John Corton, Paula Blanco-Sanchez P., Zakir Khan, Jon Paul McCalmont, Xi Yu, George Fletcher, Steve Croxton, James Sharp, Manosh C. Paul, Ian A. Watson I. and Iain S. Donnison2.1 Introduction 342.2 Tar Composition 352.3 Tar Formation Cell Wall Polymers and Ash Composition 372.3.1 The Impact of Plant Type and Blending Upon Tar Production 382.3.2 Blending 392.3.3 Ash Composition 402.4 Thermochemical Pre-treatments for Gasification 412.4.1 Torrefaction 412.4.2 Slow Pyrolysis 422.4.3 Intermediate Pyrolysis 432.4.4 Fast Pyrolysis 432.5 Processing Options that Exploit Conversion Route Integration 452.6 Conclusion 48Acknowledgements 50References 503 Key Pretreatment Technologies for An Efficient Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics 55Archana Mishra and Sanjoy Ghosh3.1 Introduction 563.2 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass 583.2.1 Parameters for Effective Pretreatment of Lignocellulosics 593.2.2 Important Pretreatment Methods 613.2.2.1 Physical or Mechanical Methods 613.2.2.2 Physico-chemical Methods 623.2.2.3 Chemical Methods 673.2.2.4 Biological Methods 743.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 75References 784 Present Status on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production 85Arindam Kuila, Vinay Sharma, Vijay Kumar Garlapati, Anshu Singh, Lakshmishri Roy and Rintu Banerjee4.1 Introduction 864.2 Hydrolysis/Saccharification 874.2.1 Cellulase 874.2.2 Screening of Cellulase-producing Microorganisms 884.2.3 Cellulase Production 904.2.4 Factors Affecting the Cellulase Mediated Hydrolysis 904.3 Future prospects of enzymatic hydrolysis 93References 935 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomaterials 97Sandeep Kaur Saggi, Geetika Gupta and Pinaki Dey5.1 Introduction 975.1.1 Different Source for Bioethanol Production 995.1.2 Lignocellulosic Materials 1005.1.3 Cellulose 1015.1.4 Hemicellulose 1025.1.5 Xylan 1035.1.6 Lignin 1045.1.7 Lignin Carbohydrate Interactions 1065.2 Pretreatment 1065.2.1 Pretreatment 1065.3 Microbial Pretreatment Process 1075.3.1 Fungi 1075.3.2 Bacteria 1125.4 Conclusion 113References 1136 Anaerobic Digestion and the Use of Pre-treatments on Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Improve Biogas Production and Process Economics 121Laura Williams, Joe Gallagher, David Bryant and Sreenivas Rao Ravella6.1 Introduction 1216.2 Feedstocks Available for AD 1246.2.1 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Analysis and Substrate Suitability 1246.2.2 Substrate Parameters and Co-digestion 1296.3 Feedstock Pre-treatment to Improve AD 1306.3.1 Available Pre-treatment Processes 1316.3.2 Pre-treatment Effects on Substrate 1336.3.3 Effects of Pre-treatment on Methane Yields 1346.4 Pre-treatment and Optimizing AD 1366.4.1 Advances in Pre-treatment Methods and AD Conditions 1366.4.2 Value-added Products and AD 1386.5 Conclusion 140Acknowledgments 141References 1417 Algae: The Future of Bioenergy 149Nivas Manohar Desai7.1 Introduction 1497.2 Technological Innovations for Algae Cultivation, Harvesting and Drying 1517.2.1 Cultivation Practices 1527.2.1.1 Open Cultivation Systems 1527.2.1.2 Closed Cultivation Systems (Photobioreactors) 1537.2.1.3 Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS) 1547.2.1.4 Sea-based Cultivation Systems 1577.2.2 Harvesting of Biomass 1587.2.2.1 Settling Ponds 1597.2.2.2 Filtration 1597.2.2.3 Centrifugation 1597.2.2.4 Flotation 1607.2.2.5 Flocculation 1607.2.2.6 Electrolytic Coagulation 1617.2.3 Energy Efficiencies of Harvesting Processes 1617.2.4 Algal Drying 1627.3 Algae-based Bioenergy Products 1627.3.1 Biofuel and Biodiesel 1637.3.2 Biogas (Biomethane Production) 1647.3.3 Bioethanol 1657.3.4 Biohydrogen 1677.3.4.1 Direct Biophotolysis 1677.3.4.2 Indirect Biophotolysis 1687.3.4.3 Photo Fermentation 1687.4 Concluding Remarks 168Acknowledgement 169References 169Index 173

Lalit K. Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.Gaurav Chaudhary, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned Since a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technolog in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

• 1 Production of Bioenergy in the Framework of Circular Economy: A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador 1Vega-Quezada Cristhian, Blanco María and Romero Hugo1.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Energy and Bioenergy 21.1.2 Ecuadorian Case 41.2 A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador 51.2.1 Biogas 51.2.1.1 CO2 Emissions 81.2.1.2 Potential Electricity Power 121.2.2 Biodiesel 141.2.2.1 Biodiesel in Ecuador 151.2.3 Microalgae Biodiesel 161.2.3.1 Biomass Production 181.2.3.2 Lipid Extraction 181.3 Microalgae versus Palm Oil in Ecuador 191.3.1 Palm Oil 201.3.2 Microalgae Oil 211.3.2.1 Microalgae in Open Ponds 231.3.2.2 Microalgae in Laminar Photobioreactor 241.4 Discussion 271.5 Conclusion 29Acknowledgements 29References 302 The Impact of Biomass Feedstock Composition and Pre-treatments on Tar Formation during Biomass Gasification 33John Corton, Paula Blanco-Sanchez P., Zakir Khan, Jon Paul McCalmont, Xi Yu, George Fletcher, Steve Croxton, James Sharp, Manosh C. Paul, Ian A. Watson I. and Iain S. Donnison2.1 Introduction 342.2 Tar Composition 352.3 Tar Formation Cell Wall Polymers and Ash Composition 372.3.1 The Impact of Plant Type and Blending Upon Tar Production 382.3.2 Blending 392.3.3 Ash Composition 402.4 Thermochemical Pre-treatments for Gasification 412.4.1 Torrefaction 412.4.2 Slow Pyrolysis 422.4.3 Intermediate Pyrolysis 432.4.4 Fast Pyrolysis 432.5 Processing Options that Exploit Conversion Route Integration 452.6 Conclusion 48Acknowledgements 50References 503 Key Pretreatment Technologies for An Efficient Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics 55Archana Mishra and Sanjoy Ghosh3.1 Introduction 563.2 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass 583.2.1 Parameters for Effective Pretreatment of Lignocellulosics 593.2.2 Important Pretreatment Methods 613.2.2.1 Physical or Mechanical Methods 613.2.2.2 Physico-chemical Methods 623.2.2.3 Chemical Methods 673.2.2.4 Biological Methods 743.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 75References 784 Present Status on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production 85Arindam Kuila, Vinay Sharma, Vijay Kumar Garlapati, Anshu Singh, Lakshmishri Roy and Rintu Banerjee4.1 Introduction 864.2 Hydrolysis/Saccharification 874.2.1 Cellulase 874.2.2 Screening of Cellulase-producing Microorganisms 884.2.3 Cellulase Production 904.2.4 Factors Affecting the Cellulase Mediated Hydrolysis 904.3 Future prospects of enzymatic hydrolysis 93References 935 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomaterials 97Sandeep Kaur Saggi, Geetika Gupta and Pinaki Dey5.1 Introduction 975.1.1 Different Source for Bioethanol Production 995.1.2 Lignocellulosic Materials 1005.1.3 Cellulose 1015.1.4 Hemicellulose 1025.1.5 Xylan 1035.1.6 Lignin 1045.1.7 Lignin Carbohydrate Interactions 1065.2 Pretreatment 1065.2.1 Pretreatment 1065.3 Microbial Pretreatment Process 1075.3.1 Fungi 1075.3.2 Bacteria 1125.4 Conclusion 113References 1136 Anaerobic Digestion and the Use of Pre-treatments on Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Improve Biogas Production and Process Economics 121Laura Williams, Joe Gallagher, David Bryant and Sreenivas Rao Ravella6.1 Introduction 1216.2 Feedstocks Available for AD 1246.2.1 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Analysis and Substrate Suitability 1246.2.2 Substrate Parameters and Co-digestion 1296.3 Feedstock Pre-treatment to Improve AD 1306.3.1 Available Pre-treatment Processes 1316.3.2 Pre-treatment Effects on Substrate 1336.3.3 Effects of Pre-treatment on Methane Yields 1346.4 Pre-treatment and Optimizing AD 1366.4.1 Advances in Pre-treatment Methods and AD Conditions 1366.4.2 Value-added Products and AD 1386.5 Conclusion 140Acknowledgments 141References 1417 Algae: The Future of Bioenergy 149Nivas Manohar Desai7.1 Introduction 1497.2 Technological Innovations for Algae Cultivation, Harvesting and Drying 1517.2.1 Cultivation Practices 1527.2.1.1 Open Cultivation Systems 1527.2.1.2 Closed Cultivation Systems (Photobioreactors) 1537.2.1.3 Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS) 1547.2.1.4 Sea-based Cultivation Systems 1577.2.2 Harvesting of Biomass 1587.2.2.1 Settling Ponds 1597.2.2.2 Filtration 1597.2.2.3 Centrifugation 1597.2.2.4 Flotation 1607.2.2.5 Flocculation 1607.2.2.6 Electrolytic Coagulation 1617.2.3 Energy Efficiencies of Harvesting Processes 1617.2.4 Algal Drying 1627.3 Algae-based Bioenergy Products 1627.3.1 Biofuel and Biodiesel 1637.3.2 Biogas (Biomethane Production) 1647.3.3 Bioethanol 1657.3.4 Biohydrogen 1677.3.4.1 Direct Biophotolysis 1677.3.4.2 Indirect Biophotolysis 1687.3.4.3 Photo Fermentation 1687.4 Concluding Remarks 168Acknowledgement 169References 169Index 173

Lalit K. Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.Gaurav Chaudhary, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned Since a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technolog in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

• 1 Production of Bioenergy in the Framework of Circular Economy: A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador 1Vega-Quezada Cristhian, Blanco María and Romero Hugo1.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Energy and Bioenergy 21.1.2 Ecuadorian Case 41.2 A Sustainable Circular System in Ecuador 51.2.1 Biogas 51.2.1.1 CO2 Emissions 81.2.1.2 Potential Electricity Power 121.2.2 Biodiesel 141.2.2.1 Biodiesel in Ecuador 151.2.3 Microalgae Biodiesel 161.2.3.1 Biomass Production 181.2.3.2 Lipid Extraction 181.3 Microalgae versus Palm Oil in Ecuador 191.3.1 Palm Oil 201.3.2 Microalgae Oil 211.3.2.1 Microalgae in Open Ponds 231.3.2.2 Microalgae in Laminar Photobioreactor 241.4 Discussion 271.5 Conclusion 29Acknowledgements 29References 302 The Impact of Biomass Feedstock Composition and Pre-treatments on Tar Formation during Biomass Gasification 33John Corton, Paula Blanco-Sanchez P., Zakir Khan, Jon Paul McCalmont, Xi Yu, George Fletcher, Steve Croxton, James Sharp, Manosh C. Paul, Ian A. Watson I. and Iain S. Donnison2.1 Introduction 342.2 Tar Composition 352.3 Tar Formation Cell Wall Polymers and Ash Composition 372.3.1 The Impact of Plant Type and Blending Upon Tar Production 382.3.2 Blending 392.3.3 Ash Composition 402.4 Thermochemical Pre-treatments for Gasification 412.4.1 Torrefaction 412.4.2 Slow Pyrolysis 422.4.3 Intermediate Pyrolysis 432.4.4 Fast Pyrolysis 432.5 Processing Options that Exploit Conversion Route Integration 452.6 Conclusion 48Acknowledgements 50References 503 Key Pretreatment Technologies for An Efficient Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics 55Archana Mishra and Sanjoy Ghosh3.1 Introduction 563.2 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass 583.2.1 Parameters for Effective Pretreatment of Lignocellulosics 593.2.2 Important Pretreatment Methods 613.2.2.1 Physical or Mechanical Methods 613.2.2.2 Physico-chemical Methods 623.2.2.3 Chemical Methods 673.2.2.4 Biological Methods 743.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 75References 784 Present Status on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production 85Arindam Kuila, Vinay Sharma, Vijay Kumar Garlapati, Anshu Singh, Lakshmishri Roy and Rintu Banerjee4.1 Introduction 864.2 Hydrolysis/Saccharification 874.2.1 Cellulase 874.2.2 Screening of Cellulase-producing Microorganisms 884.2.3 Cellulase Production 904.2.4 Factors Affecting the Cellulase Mediated Hydrolysis 904.3 Future prospects of enzymatic hydrolysis 93References 935 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomaterials 97Sandeep Kaur Saggi, Geetika Gupta and Pinaki Dey5.1 Introduction 975.1.1 Different Source for Bioethanol Production 995.1.2 Lignocellulosic Materials 1005.1.3 Cellulose 1015.1.4 Hemicellulose 1025.1.5 Xylan 1035.1.6 Lignin 1045.1.7 Lignin Carbohydrate Interactions 1065.2 Pretreatment 1065.2.1 Pretreatment 1065.3 Microbial Pretreatment Process 1075.3.1 Fungi 1075.3.2 Bacteria 1125.4 Conclusion 113References 1136 Anaerobic Digestion and the Use of Pre-treatments on Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Improve Biogas Production and Process Economics 121Laura Williams, Joe Gallagher, David Bryant and Sreenivas Rao Ravella6.1 Introduction 1216.2 Feedstocks Available for AD 1246.2.1 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Analysis and Substrate Suitability 1246.2.2 Substrate Parameters and Co-digestion 1296.3 Feedstock Pre-treatment to Improve AD 1306.3.1 Available Pre-treatment Processes 1316.3.2 Pre-treatment Effects on Substrate 1336.3.3 Effects of Pre-treatment on Methane Yields 1346.4 Pre-treatment and Optimizing AD 1366.4.1 Advances in Pre-treatment Methods and AD Conditions 1366.4.2 Value-added Products and AD 1386.5 Conclusion 140Acknowledgments 141References 1417 Algae: The Future of Bioenergy 149Nivas Manohar Desai7.1 Introduction 1497.2 Technological Innovations for Algae Cultivation, Harvesting and Drying 1517.2.1 Cultivation Practices 1527.2.1.1 Open Cultivation Systems 1527.2.1.2 Closed Cultivation Systems (Photobioreactors) 1537.2.1.3 Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS) 1547.2.1.4 Sea-based Cultivation Systems 1577.2.2 Harvesting of Biomass 1587.2.2.1 Settling Ponds 1597.2.2.2 Filtration 1597.2.2.3 Centrifugation 1597.2.2.4 Flotation 1607.2.2.5 Flocculation 1607.2.2.6 Electrolytic Coagulation 1617.2.3 Energy Efficiencies of Harvesting Processes 1617.2.4 Algal Drying 1627.3 Algae-based Bioenergy Products 1627.3.1 Biofuel and Biodiesel 1637.3.2 Biogas (Biomethane Production) 1647.3.3 Bioethanol 1657.3.4 Biohydrogen 1677.3.4.1 Direct Biophotolysis 1677.3.4.2 Indirect Biophotolysis 1687.3.4.3 Photo Fermentation 1687.4 Concluding Remarks 168Acknowledgement 169References 169Index 173