Lalit Kumar Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.Gaurav Chaudhary, Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer-reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

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• 1 Processing of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass 1Rebecca Gunn and Pattanathu K.S.M. Rahman1.1 Introduction 21.2 Method 31.2.1 Pretreatment 31.2.2 Saccharification 101.2.3 Detoxification 111.2.4 Organism Selection 121.2.5 Media Composition and Operating Parameters 161.2.6 Ethanol Recovery 171.3 Discussion 18References 202 A Perspective on Current Technologies Used for Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics 25Archana Mishra and Sanjoy Ghosh2.1 Introduction 262.2 Bioethanol Production from Various Feedstocks 262.2.1 Bioethanol Production from Sucrose Based Feedstocks 282.2.2 Bioethanol Production from 1st Generation Feedstocks (Starch) 282.2.3 Bioethanol Production from 2nd Generation Feedstocks (Lignocellulosic Biomass) 292.3 Various Conversion Paths or Technology Routes from Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol 322.3.1 Seperate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) 33 2.3.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) 352.3.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SSCF) 372.3.4 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) or Direct Microbial Conversion (DMC) 372.3.5 Thermochemical Conversion Processes or Syngas Platform 402.3.5.1 Syngas Catalytic Conversion 412.3.5.2 Biological Path or Syngas Fermentation Route 432.4 Bioethanol Production Technologies Based on Different Fermentation Modes 462.4.1 Batch Fermentation 472.4.2 Fed Batch or Semi-Batch Fermentation 482.4.3 Continuous Fermentation 492.4.4 Fermentation Using Immobilized Cells 502.4.5 Fermentation Using Process Stream Recycling 522.5 Conclusion and Preferred Technology Route 53 References 563 Immobilized Enzyme Technology for Biodiesel Production 67Sarah M. Meunier, Hamid-Reza Kariminia and Raymond L. Legge3.1 Introduction 683.2 Production of Biodiesel 703.3 Immobilized Lipase for Biodiesel Production 713.3.1 Enzyme Selection 733.3.2 Enzyme Immobilization Methods 793.3.3 Reaction Conditions 793.4 Reaction Kinetics 893.5 Bioreactor Configurations 953.6 Conclusions 99References 1004 Oleaginous Yeast- A Promising Candidatea for High Quality Biodiesel Production 107Alok Patel, Parul A Pruthi and Vikas Pruthi4.1 Introduction 1084.2 Advantages of Using Biodiesel as Vehicular Fuel 1104.3 Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Production Using Oleaginous Yeast 1114.4 Selection of Low-Cost Feedstock for Biodiesel Production 1144.5 Triacylglycerols (TAGs) Accumulation in Oleaginous Yeasts 1174.6 Conclusion 120References 1215 Current Status of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae in India 129Vijay Kumar Garlapati, Rakesh Singh Gour, Vipasha Sharma, Lakshmi Shri Roy, Jeevan Kumar Samudrala Prashant, Anil Kant and Rintu Banerjee5.1 Introduction 1305.2 Algal Species for Oil Production 1325.3 Engineering Modifications 1325.3.1 Production of High Density Cultivated Microalgae 1345.3.1.1 Cultivation Conditions 1345.3.1.2 To Get High Lipid Content 1355.4 Production of Biodiesel 1375.4.1 Culturing of Microalgae 1375.4.2 Harvesting 1385.5 Current Status of Biodiesel Production in India and Abroad 1425.6 SWOT Analysis of Biofuels in India 1475.7 Challenges 1485.8 Conclusions 149References 1496 Biobutanol: An Alternative Biofuel 155Neeraj Mishra and Akhilesh Dubey6.1 Introduction 1566.1.1 Advantages of Biobutanol 1586.2 Biobutanol as Alternative Fuel 1596.3 Biobutanol Production 1616.3.1 Steps to Biobutanol Production 1636.3.2 Directed ABE Fermentation to Butanol 1646.3.3 Substrates Used for Biobutanol Production 1666.3.4 Microbial Strains for Biobutanol Production 1686.3.5 Purification of Biobutanol 1696.3.5.1 Adsorption for Butanol Recovery 1696.3.5.2 Membrane Processes for Recovery of Butanol 1696.3.5.3 Pervaporation for Recovery of Butanol 1706.3.5.4 Gas Stripping for Recovery of Butanol 1706.4 Advancements in Biobutanol Production 171Summary 172References 1737 The Production of Biomethane from the Anaerobic Digestion of Microalgae 177Tom Bishop and Pattanathu K.S.M. Rahman7.1 Introduction 1777.2 The Process 1797.2.1 Selection and Cultivation of Microalgae 1807.2.2 Pre-Treatment 1817.2.2.1 Thermal Pre-Treatment 1847.2.2.2 Mechanical Pre-Treatment 1857.2.2.3 Chemical Pre-Treatment 1857.2.2.4 Biological Pre-Treatment 1857.2.3 Lipid Extraction 1857.2.4 Digestion 1867.2.4.1 Inhibition of the Digestion Process 1887.2.4.2 Ammonia 1887.2.4.3 Volatile Fatty Acids 1887.2.4.4 Hydrogen Sulphide 1887.3 Downstream Processing and Use of Gaseous Products 1897.3.1 Purification 1897.3.1.1 Bioscrubbing 1897.3.1.2 Biotrickling 1917.3.2 Product Use: Current and Potential 1927.4 Conclusions 194References 1958 Electrohydrogenesis: Energy Efficient and Economical Technology for Biohydrogen Production 201Pratima Gupta and Piyush Parkhey8.1 Introduction 2028.1.1 The Present Energy Scenario 2028.1.2 Biohydrogen: The Current Status 2038.1.3 Electrohydrogenesis: Need of the Hour 2058.2 Microbial Electroytic Cell 2068.2.1 Working Principle 2068.2.2 Design 2088.2.3 Setting up the Reactor 2098.2.4 Fuelling the MEC Reactor: Substrates 2128.2.5 Powering the MEC Reactor: Exoelectrogens 2148.3 Components of a Microbial Electroytic Cell 2158.3.1 Electrodes: Anode and Cathode 2168.3.2 Gas Collection Units 2188.4 Mathematical Expressions and Calculations 2228.4.1 Hydrogen Yield (YH2) 2228.4.2 Hydrogen Recovery 2248.4.3 Energy Efficiency 2268.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 227References 230Index 235

Lalit Kumar Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.Gaurav Chaudhary, Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer-reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

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• 1 Processing of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass 1Rebecca Gunn and Pattanathu K.S.M. Rahman1.1 Introduction 21.2 Method 31.2.1 Pretreatment 31.2.2 Saccharification 101.2.3 Detoxification 111.2.4 Organism Selection 121.2.5 Media Composition and Operating Parameters 161.2.6 Ethanol Recovery 171.3 Discussion 18References 202 A Perspective on Current Technologies Used for Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics 25Archana Mishra and Sanjoy Ghosh2.1 Introduction 262.2 Bioethanol Production from Various Feedstocks 262.2.1 Bioethanol Production from Sucrose Based Feedstocks 282.2.2 Bioethanol Production from 1st Generation Feedstocks (Starch) 282.2.3 Bioethanol Production from 2nd Generation Feedstocks (Lignocellulosic Biomass) 292.3 Various Conversion Paths or Technology Routes from Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol 322.3.1 Seperate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) 33 2.3.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) 352.3.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SSCF) 372.3.4 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) or Direct Microbial Conversion (DMC) 372.3.5 Thermochemical Conversion Processes or Syngas Platform 402.3.5.1 Syngas Catalytic Conversion 412.3.5.2 Biological Path or Syngas Fermentation Route 432.4 Bioethanol Production Technologies Based on Different Fermentation Modes 462.4.1 Batch Fermentation 472.4.2 Fed Batch or Semi-Batch Fermentation 482.4.3 Continuous Fermentation 492.4.4 Fermentation Using Immobilized Cells 502.4.5 Fermentation Using Process Stream Recycling 522.5 Conclusion and Preferred Technology Route 53 References 563 Immobilized Enzyme Technology for Biodiesel Production 67Sarah M. Meunier, Hamid-Reza Kariminia and Raymond L. Legge3.1 Introduction 683.2 Production of Biodiesel 703.3 Immobilized Lipase for Biodiesel Production 713.3.1 Enzyme Selection 733.3.2 Enzyme Immobilization Methods 793.3.3 Reaction Conditions 793.4 Reaction Kinetics 893.5 Bioreactor Configurations 953.6 Conclusions 99References 1004 Oleaginous Yeast- A Promising Candidatea for High Quality Biodiesel Production 107Alok Patel, Parul A Pruthi and Vikas Pruthi4.1 Introduction 1084.2 Advantages of Using Biodiesel as Vehicular Fuel 1104.3 Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Production Using Oleaginous Yeast 1114.4 Selection of Low-Cost Feedstock for Biodiesel Production 1144.5 Triacylglycerols (TAGs) Accumulation in Oleaginous Yeasts 1174.6 Conclusion 120References 1215 Current Status of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae in India 129Vijay Kumar Garlapati, Rakesh Singh Gour, Vipasha Sharma, Lakshmi Shri Roy, Jeevan Kumar Samudrala Prashant, Anil Kant and Rintu Banerjee5.1 Introduction 1305.2 Algal Species for Oil Production 1325.3 Engineering Modifications 1325.3.1 Production of High Density Cultivated Microalgae 1345.3.1.1 Cultivation Conditions 1345.3.1.2 To Get High Lipid Content 1355.4 Production of Biodiesel 1375.4.1 Culturing of Microalgae 1375.4.2 Harvesting 1385.5 Current Status of Biodiesel Production in India and Abroad 1425.6 SWOT Analysis of Biofuels in India 1475.7 Challenges 1485.8 Conclusions 149References 1496 Biobutanol: An Alternative Biofuel 155Neeraj Mishra and Akhilesh Dubey6.1 Introduction 1566.1.1 Advantages of Biobutanol 1586.2 Biobutanol as Alternative Fuel 1596.3 Biobutanol Production 1616.3.1 Steps to Biobutanol Production 1636.3.2 Directed ABE Fermentation to Butanol 1646.3.3 Substrates Used for Biobutanol Production 1666.3.4 Microbial Strains for Biobutanol Production 1686.3.5 Purification of Biobutanol 1696.3.5.1 Adsorption for Butanol Recovery 1696.3.5.2 Membrane Processes for Recovery of Butanol 1696.3.5.3 Pervaporation for Recovery of Butanol 1706.3.5.4 Gas Stripping for Recovery of Butanol 1706.4 Advancements in Biobutanol Production 171Summary 172References 1737 The Production of Biomethane from the Anaerobic Digestion of Microalgae 177Tom Bishop and Pattanathu K.S.M. Rahman7.1 Introduction 1777.2 The Process 1797.2.1 Selection and Cultivation of Microalgae 1807.2.2 Pre-Treatment 1817.2.2.1 Thermal Pre-Treatment 1847.2.2.2 Mechanical Pre-Treatment 1857.2.2.3 Chemical Pre-Treatment 1857.2.2.4 Biological Pre-Treatment 1857.2.3 Lipid Extraction 1857.2.4 Digestion 1867.2.4.1 Inhibition of the Digestion Process 1887.2.4.2 Ammonia 1887.2.4.3 Volatile Fatty Acids 1887.2.4.4 Hydrogen Sulphide 1887.3 Downstream Processing and Use of Gaseous Products 1897.3.1 Purification 1897.3.1.1 Bioscrubbing 1897.3.1.2 Biotrickling 1917.3.2 Product Use: Current and Potential 1927.4 Conclusions 194References 1958 Electrohydrogenesis: Energy Efficient and Economical Technology for Biohydrogen Production 201Pratima Gupta and Piyush Parkhey8.1 Introduction 2028.1.1 The Present Energy Scenario 2028.1.2 Biohydrogen: The Current Status 2038.1.3 Electrohydrogenesis: Need of the Hour 2058.2 Microbial Electroytic Cell 2068.2.1 Working Principle 2068.2.2 Design 2088.2.3 Setting up the Reactor 2098.2.4 Fuelling the MEC Reactor: Substrates 2128.2.5 Powering the MEC Reactor: Exoelectrogens 2148.3 Components of a Microbial Electroytic Cell 2158.3.1 Electrodes: Anode and Cathode 2168.3.2 Gas Collection Units 2188.4 Mathematical Expressions and Calculations 2228.4.1 Hydrogen Yield (YH2) 2228.4.2 Hydrogen Recovery 2248.4.3 Energy Efficiency 2268.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 227References 230Index 235

Lalit Kumar Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.Gaurav Chaudhary, Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer-reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

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• 1 Processing of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass 1Rebecca Gunn and Pattanathu K.S.M. Rahman1.1 Introduction 21.2 Method 31.2.1 Pretreatment 31.2.2 Saccharification 101.2.3 Detoxification 111.2.4 Organism Selection 121.2.5 Media Composition and Operating Parameters 161.2.6 Ethanol Recovery 171.3 Discussion 18References 202 A Perspective on Current Technologies Used for Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics 25Archana Mishra and Sanjoy Ghosh2.1 Introduction 262.2 Bioethanol Production from Various Feedstocks 262.2.1 Bioethanol Production from Sucrose Based Feedstocks 282.2.2 Bioethanol Production from 1st Generation Feedstocks (Starch) 282.2.3 Bioethanol Production from 2nd Generation Feedstocks (Lignocellulosic Biomass) 292.3 Various Conversion Paths or Technology Routes from Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol 322.3.1 Seperate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) 33 2.3.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) 352.3.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SSCF) 372.3.4 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) or Direct Microbial Conversion (DMC) 372.3.5 Thermochemical Conversion Processes or Syngas Platform 402.3.5.1 Syngas Catalytic Conversion 412.3.5.2 Biological Path or Syngas Fermentation Route 432.4 Bioethanol Production Technologies Based on Different Fermentation Modes 462.4.1 Batch Fermentation 472.4.2 Fed Batch or Semi-Batch Fermentation 482.4.3 Continuous Fermentation 492.4.4 Fermentation Using Immobilized Cells 502.4.5 Fermentation Using Process Stream Recycling 522.5 Conclusion and Preferred Technology Route 53 References 563 Immobilized Enzyme Technology for Biodiesel Production 67Sarah M. Meunier, Hamid-Reza Kariminia and Raymond L. Legge3.1 Introduction 683.2 Production of Biodiesel 703.3 Immobilized Lipase for Biodiesel Production 713.3.1 Enzyme Selection 733.3.2 Enzyme Immobilization Methods 793.3.3 Reaction Conditions 793.4 Reaction Kinetics 893.5 Bioreactor Configurations 953.6 Conclusions 99References 1004 Oleaginous Yeast- A Promising Candidatea for High Quality Biodiesel Production 107Alok Patel, Parul A Pruthi and Vikas Pruthi4.1 Introduction 1084.2 Advantages of Using Biodiesel as Vehicular Fuel 1104.3 Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Production Using Oleaginous Yeast 1114.4 Selection of Low-Cost Feedstock for Biodiesel Production 1144.5 Triacylglycerols (TAGs) Accumulation in Oleaginous Yeasts 1174.6 Conclusion 120References 1215 Current Status of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae in India 129Vijay Kumar Garlapati, Rakesh Singh Gour, Vipasha Sharma, Lakshmi Shri Roy, Jeevan Kumar Samudrala Prashant, Anil Kant and Rintu Banerjee5.1 Introduction 1305.2 Algal Species for Oil Production 1325.3 Engineering Modifications 1325.3.1 Production of High Density Cultivated Microalgae 1345.3.1.1 Cultivation Conditions 1345.3.1.2 To Get High Lipid Content 1355.4 Production of Biodiesel 1375.4.1 Culturing of Microalgae 1375.4.2 Harvesting 1385.5 Current Status of Biodiesel Production in India and Abroad 1425.6 SWOT Analysis of Biofuels in India 1475.7 Challenges 1485.8 Conclusions 149References 1496 Biobutanol: An Alternative Biofuel 155Neeraj Mishra and Akhilesh Dubey6.1 Introduction 1566.1.1 Advantages of Biobutanol 1586.2 Biobutanol as Alternative Fuel 1596.3 Biobutanol Production 1616.3.1 Steps to Biobutanol Production 1636.3.2 Directed ABE Fermentation to Butanol 1646.3.3 Substrates Used for Biobutanol Production 1666.3.4 Microbial Strains for Biobutanol Production 1686.3.5 Purification of Biobutanol 1696.3.5.1 Adsorption for Butanol Recovery 1696.3.5.2 Membrane Processes for Recovery of Butanol 1696.3.5.3 Pervaporation for Recovery of Butanol 1706.3.5.4 Gas Stripping for Recovery of Butanol 1706.4 Advancements in Biobutanol Production 171Summary 172References 1737 The Production of Biomethane from the Anaerobic Digestion of Microalgae 177Tom Bishop and Pattanathu K.S.M. Rahman7.1 Introduction 1777.2 The Process 1797.2.1 Selection and Cultivation of Microalgae 1807.2.2 Pre-Treatment 1817.2.2.1 Thermal Pre-Treatment 1847.2.2.2 Mechanical Pre-Treatment 1857.2.2.3 Chemical Pre-Treatment 1857.2.2.4 Biological Pre-Treatment 1857.2.3 Lipid Extraction 1857.2.4 Digestion 1867.2.4.1 Inhibition of the Digestion Process 1887.2.4.2 Ammonia 1887.2.4.3 Volatile Fatty Acids 1887.2.4.4 Hydrogen Sulphide 1887.3 Downstream Processing and Use of Gaseous Products 1897.3.1 Purification 1897.3.1.1 Bioscrubbing 1897.3.1.2 Biotrickling 1917.3.2 Product Use: Current and Potential 1927.4 Conclusions 194References 1958 Electrohydrogenesis: Energy Efficient and Economical Technology for Biohydrogen Production 201Pratima Gupta and Piyush Parkhey8.1 Introduction 2028.1.1 The Present Energy Scenario 2028.1.2 Biohydrogen: The Current Status 2038.1.3 Electrohydrogenesis: Need of the Hour 2058.2 Microbial Electroytic Cell 2068.2.1 Working Principle 2068.2.2 Design 2088.2.3 Setting up the Reactor 2098.2.4 Fuelling the MEC Reactor: Substrates 2128.2.5 Powering the MEC Reactor: Exoelectrogens 2148.3 Components of a Microbial Electroytic Cell 2158.3.1 Electrodes: Anode and Cathode 2168.3.2 Gas Collection Units 2188.4 Mathematical Expressions and Calculations 2228.4.1 Hydrogen Yield (YH2) 2228.4.2 Hydrogen Recovery 2248.4.3 Energy Efficiency 2268.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 227References 230Index 235