Evolution of Meteorology

Kevin A. Teague and Nicole Gallicchio are the cofounders of Forecasting Consultants LLC, a private weather forecasting and forensic company geared towards a multitude of industries and users. Their business has allowed the authors to grow and expand their knowledge base in all aspects of atmospheric science.

• About the Authors xiiiPreface xvAcknowledgments xviiSection I Building Blocks of Meteorology (3000 bc–ad 1950) 11 Ancient Civilizations, Philosophical Theories, and Folklore (3000 bc–ad 1400) 3Kevin Anthony Teague1.1 Ancient Babylonians 31.2 Ancient Chinese 41.3 Aristotle and Meteorologica 41.4 Theophrastus and the Book of Signs 51.5 Ibn Wahshiyya and Nabataean Agriculture 61.6 William of Ockham and Nominalism 61.7 Religion, Folklore, and Animals 72 Inventions of Weather Instruments (1400–1800) 11Nicole Gallicchio2.1 Rain Gauge 112.2 Hygrometer 122.3 Thermometer 132.4 Barometer 152.5 Anemometer 163 The Birth of Modern Meteorology (1800–1950) 19Kevin Anthony Teague and Nicole Gallicchio3.1 Telegraph 193.2 Fitzroy 203.3 Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson 203.4 Weather Balloons/Radiosondes 203.5 Birth of Governmental Weather Departments 223.6 Numerical Weather Prediction 253.7 Weather Broadcasting 263.8 Forecasting for WWII 263.9 Extreme Weather Forecasting: ‘Nowcasting’ 27Section II The Early Television, Computer, Satellite, and Radar Era (1950–1980) 314 Television and the First Computerized Advancements 33Kevin Anthony Teague4.1 Television in the Household 334.2 Television Weather Forecasting of the 1950s 334.3 Television Weather Forecasting of the 1960s and 1970s 344.4 The Beginning of Computers and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) 354.5 Computers and NWP in the Met Office 374.6 Computers and NWP Worldwide 374.7 The 1970s and Its Lasting Influences on Forecasting 395 Radar and Satellite History 43Nicole Gallicchio5.1 Invention of the Radar 435.2 Development of Weather Radar 445.3 Invention of the Satellite 465.4 Remote Sensing 465.5 Development of Weather Satellites 47Section III Modern]Day Technologies, Advancements, and Social Media Impacts (1980–2013) 516 Personal Technology Boom 53Nicole Gallicchio6.1 Television Networks 536.2 Personal Computers 556.3 The Internet and Meteorology 566.4 Cellphones and Social Media 566.5 Movies 587 Covering Major Storms 61Nicole Gallicchio7.1 The Great Storm of 1987 617.2 Hurricanes and Tropical Cyclones 637.3 Tornadoes 667.4 Floods, Droughts, and Wildfires 687.5 Storm Chasing 707.6 Media8 The Rise of Modern Computer Models 75Kevin Anthony Teague8.1 European Center for Medium]Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) 758.2 Main US Models 788.3 Specific Use Forecasting Models 798.4 Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) 798.5 Global Data]Processing and Forecasting System (GDPFS) 808.6 Main Model Biases and Various Characteristics 809 Advancements within the Nationalized Governmental Weather Departments 87Kevin Anthony Teague9.1 The National Weather Service 879.2 The Met Office 919.3 Advancements across the World 939.4 Radar Development 969.5 New Satellite Developments 10010 Meteorological Agencies at the Global and Private Level 107Kevin Anthony Teague10.1 World Government Agencies 10710.2 Operations of World Organizations 11010.3 Global Discussions 11010.4 What a Private]Sector Weather Business Entails 11110.5 Government vs. Private Sector 11210.6 The Lesser]Known Services of the Private Sector 115Section IV Current and Future Ideologies of Climate Change and Meteorological Processes 12111 Climate Change 123Nicole Gallicchio11.1 Climate Discussions 12311.2 Earth’s Lifetime Fluctuations 12511.3 Past Climate Data 12711.4 Permafrost and Climate Change 13011.5 Greenhouse Gases 13211.6 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 13312 Extreme Weather 141Nicole Gallicchio12.1 Current Climate and Weather Trends 14112.2 Classifying Extreme Weather 14412.3 Extreme Weather Influences 14712.4 Is Extreme Weather on the Rise? 15012.5 Weather Pattern Predictions 15313 Additional Meteorological Impacts 169Nicole Gallicchio13.1 Space Weather 16913.2 Earthquakes and the Effect on Climate Change 17113.3 Weather and the Effects on the Human Body 17214 Weather Technology 179Kevin Anthony Teague14.1 Tropical Cyclone Technology 17914.2 Coastal Flooding 18614.3 Extreme Weather 19014.4 Enhancements to Radar, Satellite, and Model Output of Supercomputers 19814.5 Long]Range Forecasting 20314.6 Various Planned Advancements 20315 Global Cooperation 211Kevin Anthony Teague15.1 Overall Global Forecasting 21115.2 Global Networking in Meteorology 21315.3 Disaster Management 21515.4 Global Radar and Satellite Cooperation 22015.5 Global Data]Processing and Forecasting Systems 22115.6 Global Response to Climate Change 223Appendix Figures A–H 231Index 245