ALAIN A. VERTÈS, PHD, Sloan Fellow, London Business School, London, UK, and Managing Director of NxR Biotechnologies, Basel Switzerland, is a strategy and business development consultant and works to enable innovation deployment, funding and partnering in biotechnology.NASIB QURESHI, PHD, is a Senior Research Chemical Engineer in Bioenergy Research Unit at the United States Department of Agriculture in Peoria, Illinois, USA, as well as, Adjunct Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.HANS P. BLASCHEK, PHD, is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.HIDEAKI YUKAWA, is the Chief Executive Officer of the Utilization of Carbon Dioxide Institute, Tokyo, Japan.

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• About the Editors xxiList of Contributors xxvForeword xxxiPreface xxxiiiPart I Structure of the Energy Business 11 Economic Growth and the Global Energy Demand 3Jürgen Scheffran, Miriam Felkers and Rebecca Froese1.1 Historical Context and Relationship Between Energy and Development 31.2 Conceptual Framework for Pathways of Energy Use 61.3 World Population Trends and Prospects 71.4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Economic Growth 81.5 Global Energy Development 111.6 Global Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 141.7 Linkages Between Kaya Factors 161.8 Development of Energy Investment 281.9 Conditions for Energy Transition and Decarbonization 311.10 Perspectives 37Acknowledgments 38References 382 The Energy Mix in Japan Post-Fukushima 45Seiji Nakagame2.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions by Japan 452.2 Energy Dependence 462.3 The Energy Policy of Japan 482.4 Paris Agreement 492.5 Prospective Energy Demand 502.6 Improvement in Energy Efficiency 502.7 Reduction of CO2 Emission in Electric Generation 512.8 Development of New Technologies for Decreasing GHG Emissions 512.9 Production and Use of Bioethanol in Japan 512.10 Production and Use of Hydrocarbons in Japan 522.11 Production and Use of Hydrogen in Japan 522.12 Contributions of the Japanese Government to Fundamental Research and Development 522.13 Perspectives 53References 533 Green Energy in Africa, Asia, and South America 57Daniel de Castro Assumpção, Marcelo Hamaguchi, José Dilcio Rocha and Adriano P. Mariano3.1 Introduction 573.2 South America 583.3 Africa 623.4 Southeast Asia 663.5 China 693.6 Global Perspectives 72References 724 The Development of Solar Energy Generation Technologies and Global Production Capabilities 77F. John Hay and N. Ianno4.1 Introduction 774.2 Sunlight and Photosynthesis 784.3 Photovoltaic Devices 794.4 Overview of Solar Photovoltaic Applications 824.5 Perspectives 83References 845 Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Aviation Fuel 85Libing Zhang, Terri L. Butler and Bin Yang5.1 Introduction 855.2 Overview of the Jet Fuel Market 865.3 Assessment of Environmental Policy and Economic Factors Affecting the Aviation Industry 935.4 Current Activities Around Biojet in the Aviation Industry 985.5 Challenges of Future Biojet Fuel Development 1005.6 Perspectives 104Acknowledgments 105References 1056 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 111Sandra D. Gaona, Cheryl Keenan, Cyril Vallet, Lawrence Reichle and Stephen C. DeVito6.1 Introduction 1116.2 Overview of the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 1126.3 Chemicals and Chemical Waste in Automotive Manufacturing 1146.4 Pollution Prevention in Automotive Manufacturing 1216.5 Perspectives 131Disclaimer 134References 1347 The Global Demand for Biofuels and Biotechnology-Derived Commodity Chemicals: Technologies, Markets, and Challenges 137Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones7.1 Introduction 1377.2 Overview of Global Energy Demand 1377.3 Petroleum Demand and Petroleum Products for Potential Replacement by Bioproducts 1407.4 Role of Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals in Renewable Energy Demand 1437.5 Achieving Petroleum Replacement with Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 1457.6 Projections of Global Demand for Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 1497.7 Potential Impacts on Price of Transportation Fuels and Chemicals Assuming Various Scenarios of World Economic Growth 1517.8 Projection of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions With or Without Remediation Technology 1517.9 Government Impact on Demand for Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals 1527.10 Perspectives 154References 155Part II Chemicals and Transportation Fuels from Biomass 1578 Sustainable Platform Chemicals from Biomass 159Ankita Juneja and Vijay Singh8.1 Introduction 1598.2 2-Carbon 1618.3 3-Carbon 1638.4 4-Carbon 1668.5 5-Carbon 1698.6 6-Carbon 1718.7 Perspectives 174References 1759 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds: Potentials of Industrial Scale Production 185Licheng Peng, Freeman Lan and Christopher Q. Lan9.1 Introduction 1859.2 Biofuels 1869.3 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds 1919.4 Recent Developments in Algae Processing Technologies 1959.5 Potential for Industrial Scale Production 2009.6 Progresses in the Commercial Production of Alga-Based Biofuels 2059.7 Perspectives 209References 21010 Advanced Fermentation Technologies: Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Organisms Other than Yeasts, a Case for Escherichia coli 219K. T. Shanmugam, Lorraine P. Yomano, Sean W. York and Lonnie O. Ingram10.1 Introduction 21910.2 Zymomonas mobilis 22210.3 Escherichia coli 22310.4 Osmotic Stress of High Sugar Concentration 22710.5 Inhibitor-Tolerant Ethanologenic E. coli 22710.6 Engineering Bacterial Biocatalysts Other than E. coli for the Production of Ethanol Using the PDC/ADH Pathway 22910.7 Ethanol Production by Non-PDC Pathways 23010.8 Partition of Carbon at the Pyruvate Node 23110.9 Other Metabolic Pathways that Contribute to Ethanol Production 23110.10 Perspectives 232Acknowledgements 232References 23311 Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation 239Adriano P. Mariano, Danilo S. Braz, Henrique C. A. Venturelli and Nasib Qureshi11.1 Introduction 23911.2 Recent Technological Advances 24111.3 Economic Modelling and Case Study 24611.4 Perspectives 263Acknowledgements 263References 26412 Fuel Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts 269Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones12.1 Review of Current Fuel Ethanol Production 26912.2 Evolution of Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol Production 27212.3 Technological Opportunities to Reduce Cellulosic Ethanol Production Costs 27712.4 Perspectives: Approaches to Optimize the Use of Lignocellulosic and Waste Materials as Feedstocks 279References 28113 Enzymes for Cellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification 283Elmar M. Villota, Ziyu Dai, Yanpin Lu and Bin Yang13.1 Introduction 28313.2 Glycosyl Hydrolases: General Structure and Mechanism 28613.3 The Cellulase Enzyme System 28913.4 The Hemicellulase Enzyme System 29513.5 Microorganisms for Biomass Hydrolysis 29913.6 Perspectives 308Acknowledgement 309References 30914 Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 327Mairi J. Black, Onesmus Mwabonje, Aiduan Li Borrion and Aurelia Karina Hillary14.1 Introduction 32714.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 32814.3 The Origin and Principles of Life Cycle Assessment 32914.4 Developing a Life Cycle Assessment 32914.5 Scope of the Life Cycle Assessment: Attributional verses Consequential 33114.6 Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 33214.7 Feedstocks for Biofuels 33214.8 Conversion of Feedstock 33314.9 Supply Chain and Logistics 33514.10 Using LCA as a Tool to Assess GHG Emissions and Other Impacts Associated with Bioethanol Production and Supply 33514.11 Discussion on the Suitability of LCA 33614.12 Perspectives: Moving Forward with the LCA Concept 348References 349Part III Hydrogen and Methane 35515 Biotechnological Production of Fuel Hydrogen and Its Market Deployment 357Carolina Zampol Lazaro, Emrah Sagir and Patrick C. Hallenbeck15.1 Introduction 35715.2 Hydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation 35815.3 Hydrogen Production Through Photofermentation 37015.4 Hydrogen Production by Combined Systems 37015.5 Perspectives 379Acknowledgements 383References 38316 Deployment of Biogas Production Technologies in Emerging Countries 395Guangyin Zhen, Xueqin Lu, Xiaohui Wang, Shaojuan Zheng, Jianhui Wang, Zhongxiang Zhi, Lianghu Su, Kaiqin Xu, Takuro Kobayashi, Gopalakrishnan Kumar and Youcai Zhao16.1 Introduction 39516.2 Types of Feedstock 39716.3 Pretreatment Technologies of Anaerobic Digestion Feedstocks 40416.4 Full-scale Implementation Status of Anaerobic Digestion in Developing Countries 41316.5 Perspectives 416References 41617 Hydrogen Production by Algae 425Tunc Catal and Halil Kavakli17.1 Importance of Hydrogen Production 42517.2 Hydrogen Producing Microorganisms 42717.3 Hydrogen Producing Algae (Macro–Micro) Species 42817.4 Production of Biohydrogen Through Fermentation 43117.5 Technologies (Solar Algae Fuel Cell/Microbial Fuel Cell) 43317.6 Possibility of Commercial Production of Hydrogen 43417.7 Perspectives and Future Implications of Algae in Biotechnology 437References 43818 Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel 447Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Jeyapraksh Damaraja, Sutha Shobana, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Gunagyin Zhen and Gopalakrishnan Kumar18.1 Introduction 44718.2 Anaerobic Digestion 44818.3 Mechanism of Anaerobic Digestion 44918.4 Significant Factors Influencing Anaerobic Digestion 45518.5 Strategies Applied to Enhance Microalgae Methane Biogas Production 45618.6 Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Renewable Fuel 45818.7 Perspectives 459References 459Part IV Perspectives 46519 Integrated Biorefineries for the Production of Bioethanol, Biodiesel, and Other Commodity Chemicals 467Pedro F Souza Filho and Mohammad J Taherzadeh19.1 Introduction 46719.2 Types of Biorefineries 46819.3 Biorefinery Platforms 47119.4 Integrated Biorefineries 47219.5 Coproducts 47519.6 Integrating Ethanol and Biodiesel Refineries 48019.7 Economical Aspects 48219.8 Perspectives 484References 48420 Lignocellulosic Crops as Sustainable Raw Materials for Bioenergy 489Emiliano Maletta and Carlos Hernández Díaz-Ambrona20.1 Introduction 48920.2 Major Lignocellulosic Industrial Crops 49220.3 Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects in Sustainability Criteria 49820.4 Processing Alternatives for Lignocellulosic Bioenergy Crops 50220.5 Filling the Gap: From Farm to Industry 50320.6 Perspectives 506References 50821 Industrial Waste Valorization: Applications to the Case of Liquid Biofuels 515Haibo Huang and Qing Jin21.1 Introduction 51521.2 Types of Industrial Waste for Biofuel Production 51621.3 Ethanol Production 51721.4 Butanol 52321.5 Biodiesel 52721.6 Perspectives 531References 53122 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention, Sustainable Energy Generation, and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Food Manufacturing Sector 539Sandra D. Gaona, T.J. Pepping, Cheryl Keenan and Stephen C. DeVito22.1 Introduction 53922.2 Overview of the Food Manufacturing Industry 54022.3 Chemicals and Chemical Wastes in the Food Manufacturing Industry 54522.4 Pollution Prevention in Food Manufacturing 55422.5 Perspectives 563Disclaimer 564References 56423 Financing Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy and the Commodity Chemicals Industry 569Praveen V. Vadlani23.1 The Current Financing Scenario at Global Level 56923.2 Ethanol Biofuel Industry – An Overview 57223.3 Bio-Based Industry – Current Status and Future Potential 57723.4 Financing and Investment Strategy for Bio-Based Industries 57923.5 Perspectives and Sustainable Financing Approach – Change in Wall Street Mindset in the Valuation of Bio-Based Industries 583Acknowledgements 584References 58524 Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability as Forces of Change 587Asutosh T. Yagnik24.1 Introduction 58724.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 58724.3 From CSR to Corporate Sustainability 59724.4 Perspectives 603References 60725 The Industrial World in the Twenty-First Century 613Alain A. Vertès25.1 Introduction: Energy and Sustainability 61325.2 Transportation in the Twenty-First Century: A Carbon Tax Story 62225.3 Cities of Change 62725.4 The Chemical Industry Revisited 62925.5 Paradigm Changes in Modes of Consumption 63325.6 International Action for Curbing the Pollution of the Atmosphere Commons: The Case of CFCs and the Ozone Layer 63425.7 Social Activism as an Engine of Change: Requiem for a Wonderful World 63525.8 Perspectives: A Brave New World 636References 639Index 649

ALAIN A. VERTÈS, PHD, Sloan Fellow, London Business School, London, UK, and Managing Director of NxR Biotechnologies, Basel Switzerland, is a strategy and business development consultant and works to enable innovation deployment, funding and partnering in biotechnology.NASIB QURESHI, PHD, is a Senior Research Chemical Engineer in Bioenergy Research Unit at the United States Department of Agriculture in Peoria, Illinois, USA, as well as, Adjunct Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.HANS P. BLASCHEK, PHD, is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.HIDEAKI YUKAWA, is the Chief Executive Officer of the Utilization of Carbon Dioxide Institute, Tokyo, Japan.

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• About the Editors xxiList of Contributors xxvForeword xxxiPreface xxxiiiPart I Structure of the Energy Business 11 Economic Growth and the Global Energy Demand 3Jürgen Scheffran, Miriam Felkers and Rebecca Froese1.1 Historical Context and Relationship Between Energy and Development 31.2 Conceptual Framework for Pathways of Energy Use 61.3 World Population Trends and Prospects 71.4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Economic Growth 81.5 Global Energy Development 111.6 Global Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 141.7 Linkages Between Kaya Factors 161.8 Development of Energy Investment 281.9 Conditions for Energy Transition and Decarbonization 311.10 Perspectives 37Acknowledgments 38References 382 The Energy Mix in Japan Post-Fukushima 45Seiji Nakagame2.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions by Japan 452.2 Energy Dependence 462.3 The Energy Policy of Japan 482.4 Paris Agreement 492.5 Prospective Energy Demand 502.6 Improvement in Energy Efficiency 502.7 Reduction of CO2 Emission in Electric Generation 512.8 Development of New Technologies for Decreasing GHG Emissions 512.9 Production and Use of Bioethanol in Japan 512.10 Production and Use of Hydrocarbons in Japan 522.11 Production and Use of Hydrogen in Japan 522.12 Contributions of the Japanese Government to Fundamental Research and Development 522.13 Perspectives 53References 533 Green Energy in Africa, Asia, and South America 57Daniel de Castro Assumpção, Marcelo Hamaguchi, José Dilcio Rocha and Adriano P. Mariano3.1 Introduction 573.2 South America 583.3 Africa 623.4 Southeast Asia 663.5 China 693.6 Global Perspectives 72References 724 The Development of Solar Energy Generation Technologies and Global Production Capabilities 77F. John Hay and N. Ianno4.1 Introduction 774.2 Sunlight and Photosynthesis 784.3 Photovoltaic Devices 794.4 Overview of Solar Photovoltaic Applications 824.5 Perspectives 83References 845 Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Aviation Fuel 85Libing Zhang, Terri L. Butler and Bin Yang5.1 Introduction 855.2 Overview of the Jet Fuel Market 865.3 Assessment of Environmental Policy and Economic Factors Affecting the Aviation Industry 935.4 Current Activities Around Biojet in the Aviation Industry 985.5 Challenges of Future Biojet Fuel Development 1005.6 Perspectives 104Acknowledgments 105References 1056 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 111Sandra D. Gaona, Cheryl Keenan, Cyril Vallet, Lawrence Reichle and Stephen C. DeVito6.1 Introduction 1116.2 Overview of the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 1126.3 Chemicals and Chemical Waste in Automotive Manufacturing 1146.4 Pollution Prevention in Automotive Manufacturing 1216.5 Perspectives 131Disclaimer 134References 1347 The Global Demand for Biofuels and Biotechnology-Derived Commodity Chemicals: Technologies, Markets, and Challenges 137Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones7.1 Introduction 1377.2 Overview of Global Energy Demand 1377.3 Petroleum Demand and Petroleum Products for Potential Replacement by Bioproducts 1407.4 Role of Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals in Renewable Energy Demand 1437.5 Achieving Petroleum Replacement with Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 1457.6 Projections of Global Demand for Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 1497.7 Potential Impacts on Price of Transportation Fuels and Chemicals Assuming Various Scenarios of World Economic Growth 1517.8 Projection of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions With or Without Remediation Technology 1517.9 Government Impact on Demand for Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals 1527.10 Perspectives 154References 155Part II Chemicals and Transportation Fuels from Biomass 1578 Sustainable Platform Chemicals from Biomass 159Ankita Juneja and Vijay Singh8.1 Introduction 1598.2 2-Carbon 1618.3 3-Carbon 1638.4 4-Carbon 1668.5 5-Carbon 1698.6 6-Carbon 1718.7 Perspectives 174References 1759 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds: Potentials of Industrial Scale Production 185Licheng Peng, Freeman Lan and Christopher Q. Lan9.1 Introduction 1859.2 Biofuels 1869.3 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds 1919.4 Recent Developments in Algae Processing Technologies 1959.5 Potential for Industrial Scale Production 2009.6 Progresses in the Commercial Production of Alga-Based Biofuels 2059.7 Perspectives 209References 21010 Advanced Fermentation Technologies: Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Organisms Other than Yeasts, a Case for Escherichia coli 219K. T. Shanmugam, Lorraine P. Yomano, Sean W. York and Lonnie O. Ingram10.1 Introduction 21910.2 Zymomonas mobilis 22210.3 Escherichia coli 22310.4 Osmotic Stress of High Sugar Concentration 22710.5 Inhibitor-Tolerant Ethanologenic E. coli 22710.6 Engineering Bacterial Biocatalysts Other than E. coli for the Production of Ethanol Using the PDC/ADH Pathway 22910.7 Ethanol Production by Non-PDC Pathways 23010.8 Partition of Carbon at the Pyruvate Node 23110.9 Other Metabolic Pathways that Contribute to Ethanol Production 23110.10 Perspectives 232Acknowledgements 232References 23311 Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation 239Adriano P. Mariano, Danilo S. Braz, Henrique C. A. Venturelli and Nasib Qureshi11.1 Introduction 23911.2 Recent Technological Advances 24111.3 Economic Modelling and Case Study 24611.4 Perspectives 263Acknowledgements 263References 26412 Fuel Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts 269Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones12.1 Review of Current Fuel Ethanol Production 26912.2 Evolution of Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol Production 27212.3 Technological Opportunities to Reduce Cellulosic Ethanol Production Costs 27712.4 Perspectives: Approaches to Optimize the Use of Lignocellulosic and Waste Materials as Feedstocks 279References 28113 Enzymes for Cellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification 283Elmar M. Villota, Ziyu Dai, Yanpin Lu and Bin Yang13.1 Introduction 28313.2 Glycosyl Hydrolases: General Structure and Mechanism 28613.3 The Cellulase Enzyme System 28913.4 The Hemicellulase Enzyme System 29513.5 Microorganisms for Biomass Hydrolysis 29913.6 Perspectives 308Acknowledgement 309References 30914 Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 327Mairi J. Black, Onesmus Mwabonje, Aiduan Li Borrion and Aurelia Karina Hillary14.1 Introduction 32714.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 32814.3 The Origin and Principles of Life Cycle Assessment 32914.4 Developing a Life Cycle Assessment 32914.5 Scope of the Life Cycle Assessment: Attributional verses Consequential 33114.6 Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 33214.7 Feedstocks for Biofuels 33214.8 Conversion of Feedstock 33314.9 Supply Chain and Logistics 33514.10 Using LCA as a Tool to Assess GHG Emissions and Other Impacts Associated with Bioethanol Production and Supply 33514.11 Discussion on the Suitability of LCA 33614.12 Perspectives: Moving Forward with the LCA Concept 348References 349Part III Hydrogen and Methane 35515 Biotechnological Production of Fuel Hydrogen and Its Market Deployment 357Carolina Zampol Lazaro, Emrah Sagir and Patrick C. Hallenbeck15.1 Introduction 35715.2 Hydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation 35815.3 Hydrogen Production Through Photofermentation 37015.4 Hydrogen Production by Combined Systems 37015.5 Perspectives 379Acknowledgements 383References 38316 Deployment of Biogas Production Technologies in Emerging Countries 395Guangyin Zhen, Xueqin Lu, Xiaohui Wang, Shaojuan Zheng, Jianhui Wang, Zhongxiang Zhi, Lianghu Su, Kaiqin Xu, Takuro Kobayashi, Gopalakrishnan Kumar and Youcai Zhao16.1 Introduction 39516.2 Types of Feedstock 39716.3 Pretreatment Technologies of Anaerobic Digestion Feedstocks 40416.4 Full-scale Implementation Status of Anaerobic Digestion in Developing Countries 41316.5 Perspectives 416References 41617 Hydrogen Production by Algae 425Tunc Catal and Halil Kavakli17.1 Importance of Hydrogen Production 42517.2 Hydrogen Producing Microorganisms 42717.3 Hydrogen Producing Algae (Macro–Micro) Species 42817.4 Production of Biohydrogen Through Fermentation 43117.5 Technologies (Solar Algae Fuel Cell/Microbial Fuel Cell) 43317.6 Possibility of Commercial Production of Hydrogen 43417.7 Perspectives and Future Implications of Algae in Biotechnology 437References 43818 Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel 447Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Jeyapraksh Damaraja, Sutha Shobana, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Gunagyin Zhen and Gopalakrishnan Kumar18.1 Introduction 44718.2 Anaerobic Digestion 44818.3 Mechanism of Anaerobic Digestion 44918.4 Significant Factors Influencing Anaerobic Digestion 45518.5 Strategies Applied to Enhance Microalgae Methane Biogas Production 45618.6 Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Renewable Fuel 45818.7 Perspectives 459References 459Part IV Perspectives 46519 Integrated Biorefineries for the Production of Bioethanol, Biodiesel, and Other Commodity Chemicals 467Pedro F Souza Filho and Mohammad J Taherzadeh19.1 Introduction 46719.2 Types of Biorefineries 46819.3 Biorefinery Platforms 47119.4 Integrated Biorefineries 47219.5 Coproducts 47519.6 Integrating Ethanol and Biodiesel Refineries 48019.7 Economical Aspects 48219.8 Perspectives 484References 48420 Lignocellulosic Crops as Sustainable Raw Materials for Bioenergy 489Emiliano Maletta and Carlos Hernández Díaz-Ambrona20.1 Introduction 48920.2 Major Lignocellulosic Industrial Crops 49220.3 Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects in Sustainability Criteria 49820.4 Processing Alternatives for Lignocellulosic Bioenergy Crops 50220.5 Filling the Gap: From Farm to Industry 50320.6 Perspectives 506References 50821 Industrial Waste Valorization: Applications to the Case of Liquid Biofuels 515Haibo Huang and Qing Jin21.1 Introduction 51521.2 Types of Industrial Waste for Biofuel Production 51621.3 Ethanol Production 51721.4 Butanol 52321.5 Biodiesel 52721.6 Perspectives 531References 53122 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention, Sustainable Energy Generation, and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Food Manufacturing Sector 539Sandra D. Gaona, T.J. Pepping, Cheryl Keenan and Stephen C. DeVito22.1 Introduction 53922.2 Overview of the Food Manufacturing Industry 54022.3 Chemicals and Chemical Wastes in the Food Manufacturing Industry 54522.4 Pollution Prevention in Food Manufacturing 55422.5 Perspectives 563Disclaimer 564References 56423 Financing Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy and the Commodity Chemicals Industry 569Praveen V. Vadlani23.1 The Current Financing Scenario at Global Level 56923.2 Ethanol Biofuel Industry – An Overview 57223.3 Bio-Based Industry – Current Status and Future Potential 57723.4 Financing and Investment Strategy for Bio-Based Industries 57923.5 Perspectives and Sustainable Financing Approach – Change in Wall Street Mindset in the Valuation of Bio-Based Industries 583Acknowledgements 584References 58524 Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability as Forces of Change 587Asutosh T. Yagnik24.1 Introduction 58724.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 58724.3 From CSR to Corporate Sustainability 59724.4 Perspectives 603References 60725 The Industrial World in the Twenty-First Century 613Alain A. Vertès25.1 Introduction: Energy and Sustainability 61325.2 Transportation in the Twenty-First Century: A Carbon Tax Story 62225.3 Cities of Change 62725.4 The Chemical Industry Revisited 62925.5 Paradigm Changes in Modes of Consumption 63325.6 International Action for Curbing the Pollution of the Atmosphere Commons: The Case of CFCs and the Ozone Layer 63425.7 Social Activism as an Engine of Change: Requiem for a Wonderful World 63525.8 Perspectives: A Brave New World 636References 639Index 649

ALAIN A. VERTÈS, PHD, Sloan Fellow, London Business School, London, UK, and Managing Director of NxR Biotechnologies, Basel Switzerland, is a strategy and business development consultant and works to enable innovation deployment, funding and partnering in biotechnology.NASIB QURESHI, PHD, is a Senior Research Chemical Engineer in Bioenergy Research Unit at the United States Department of Agriculture in Peoria, Illinois, USA, as well as, Adjunct Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.HANS P. BLASCHEK, PHD, is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.HIDEAKI YUKAWA, is the Chief Executive Officer of the Utilization of Carbon Dioxide Institute, Tokyo, Japan.

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• About the Editors xxiList of Contributors xxvForeword xxxiPreface xxxiiiPart I Structure of the Energy Business 11 Economic Growth and the Global Energy Demand 3Jürgen Scheffran, Miriam Felkers and Rebecca Froese1.1 Historical Context and Relationship Between Energy and Development 31.2 Conceptual Framework for Pathways of Energy Use 61.3 World Population Trends and Prospects 71.4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Economic Growth 81.5 Global Energy Development 111.6 Global Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 141.7 Linkages Between Kaya Factors 161.8 Development of Energy Investment 281.9 Conditions for Energy Transition and Decarbonization 311.10 Perspectives 37Acknowledgments 38References 382 The Energy Mix in Japan Post-Fukushima 45Seiji Nakagame2.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions by Japan 452.2 Energy Dependence 462.3 The Energy Policy of Japan 482.4 Paris Agreement 492.5 Prospective Energy Demand 502.6 Improvement in Energy Efficiency 502.7 Reduction of CO2 Emission in Electric Generation 512.8 Development of New Technologies for Decreasing GHG Emissions 512.9 Production and Use of Bioethanol in Japan 512.10 Production and Use of Hydrocarbons in Japan 522.11 Production and Use of Hydrogen in Japan 522.12 Contributions of the Japanese Government to Fundamental Research and Development 522.13 Perspectives 53References 533 Green Energy in Africa, Asia, and South America 57Daniel de Castro Assumpção, Marcelo Hamaguchi, José Dilcio Rocha and Adriano P. Mariano3.1 Introduction 573.2 South America 583.3 Africa 623.4 Southeast Asia 663.5 China 693.6 Global Perspectives 72References 724 The Development of Solar Energy Generation Technologies and Global Production Capabilities 77F. John Hay and N. Ianno4.1 Introduction 774.2 Sunlight and Photosynthesis 784.3 Photovoltaic Devices 794.4 Overview of Solar Photovoltaic Applications 824.5 Perspectives 83References 845 Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Aviation Fuel 85Libing Zhang, Terri L. Butler and Bin Yang5.1 Introduction 855.2 Overview of the Jet Fuel Market 865.3 Assessment of Environmental Policy and Economic Factors Affecting the Aviation Industry 935.4 Current Activities Around Biojet in the Aviation Industry 985.5 Challenges of Future Biojet Fuel Development 1005.6 Perspectives 104Acknowledgments 105References 1056 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 111Sandra D. Gaona, Cheryl Keenan, Cyril Vallet, Lawrence Reichle and Stephen C. DeVito6.1 Introduction 1116.2 Overview of the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 1126.3 Chemicals and Chemical Waste in Automotive Manufacturing 1146.4 Pollution Prevention in Automotive Manufacturing 1216.5 Perspectives 131Disclaimer 134References 1347 The Global Demand for Biofuels and Biotechnology-Derived Commodity Chemicals: Technologies, Markets, and Challenges 137Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones7.1 Introduction 1377.2 Overview of Global Energy Demand 1377.3 Petroleum Demand and Petroleum Products for Potential Replacement by Bioproducts 1407.4 Role of Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals in Renewable Energy Demand 1437.5 Achieving Petroleum Replacement with Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 1457.6 Projections of Global Demand for Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 1497.7 Potential Impacts on Price of Transportation Fuels and Chemicals Assuming Various Scenarios of World Economic Growth 1517.8 Projection of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions With or Without Remediation Technology 1517.9 Government Impact on Demand for Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals 1527.10 Perspectives 154References 155Part II Chemicals and Transportation Fuels from Biomass 1578 Sustainable Platform Chemicals from Biomass 159Ankita Juneja and Vijay Singh8.1 Introduction 1598.2 2-Carbon 1618.3 3-Carbon 1638.4 4-Carbon 1668.5 5-Carbon 1698.6 6-Carbon 1718.7 Perspectives 174References 1759 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds: Potentials of Industrial Scale Production 185Licheng Peng, Freeman Lan and Christopher Q. Lan9.1 Introduction 1859.2 Biofuels 1869.3 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds 1919.4 Recent Developments in Algae Processing Technologies 1959.5 Potential for Industrial Scale Production 2009.6 Progresses in the Commercial Production of Alga-Based Biofuels 2059.7 Perspectives 209References 21010 Advanced Fermentation Technologies: Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Organisms Other than Yeasts, a Case for Escherichia coli 219K. T. Shanmugam, Lorraine P. Yomano, Sean W. York and Lonnie O. Ingram10.1 Introduction 21910.2 Zymomonas mobilis 22210.3 Escherichia coli 22310.4 Osmotic Stress of High Sugar Concentration 22710.5 Inhibitor-Tolerant Ethanologenic E. coli 22710.6 Engineering Bacterial Biocatalysts Other than E. coli for the Production of Ethanol Using the PDC/ADH Pathway 22910.7 Ethanol Production by Non-PDC Pathways 23010.8 Partition of Carbon at the Pyruvate Node 23110.9 Other Metabolic Pathways that Contribute to Ethanol Production 23110.10 Perspectives 232Acknowledgements 232References 23311 Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation 239Adriano P. Mariano, Danilo S. Braz, Henrique C. A. Venturelli and Nasib Qureshi11.1 Introduction 23911.2 Recent Technological Advances 24111.3 Economic Modelling and Case Study 24611.4 Perspectives 263Acknowledgements 263References 26412 Fuel Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts 269Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones12.1 Review of Current Fuel Ethanol Production 26912.2 Evolution of Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol Production 27212.3 Technological Opportunities to Reduce Cellulosic Ethanol Production Costs 27712.4 Perspectives: Approaches to Optimize the Use of Lignocellulosic and Waste Materials as Feedstocks 279References 28113 Enzymes for Cellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification 283Elmar M. Villota, Ziyu Dai, Yanpin Lu and Bin Yang13.1 Introduction 28313.2 Glycosyl Hydrolases: General Structure and Mechanism 28613.3 The Cellulase Enzyme System 28913.4 The Hemicellulase Enzyme System 29513.5 Microorganisms for Biomass Hydrolysis 29913.6 Perspectives 308Acknowledgement 309References 30914 Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 327Mairi J. Black, Onesmus Mwabonje, Aiduan Li Borrion and Aurelia Karina Hillary14.1 Introduction 32714.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 32814.3 The Origin and Principles of Life Cycle Assessment 32914.4 Developing a Life Cycle Assessment 32914.5 Scope of the Life Cycle Assessment: Attributional verses Consequential 33114.6 Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 33214.7 Feedstocks for Biofuels 33214.8 Conversion of Feedstock 33314.9 Supply Chain and Logistics 33514.10 Using LCA as a Tool to Assess GHG Emissions and Other Impacts Associated with Bioethanol Production and Supply 33514.11 Discussion on the Suitability of LCA 33614.12 Perspectives: Moving Forward with the LCA Concept 348References 349Part III Hydrogen and Methane 35515 Biotechnological Production of Fuel Hydrogen and Its Market Deployment 357Carolina Zampol Lazaro, Emrah Sagir and Patrick C. Hallenbeck15.1 Introduction 35715.2 Hydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation 35815.3 Hydrogen Production Through Photofermentation 37015.4 Hydrogen Production by Combined Systems 37015.5 Perspectives 379Acknowledgements 383References 38316 Deployment of Biogas Production Technologies in Emerging Countries 395Guangyin Zhen, Xueqin Lu, Xiaohui Wang, Shaojuan Zheng, Jianhui Wang, Zhongxiang Zhi, Lianghu Su, Kaiqin Xu, Takuro Kobayashi, Gopalakrishnan Kumar and Youcai Zhao16.1 Introduction 39516.2 Types of Feedstock 39716.3 Pretreatment Technologies of Anaerobic Digestion Feedstocks 40416.4 Full-scale Implementation Status of Anaerobic Digestion in Developing Countries 41316.5 Perspectives 416References 41617 Hydrogen Production by Algae 425Tunc Catal and Halil Kavakli17.1 Importance of Hydrogen Production 42517.2 Hydrogen Producing Microorganisms 42717.3 Hydrogen Producing Algae (Macro–Micro) Species 42817.4 Production of Biohydrogen Through Fermentation 43117.5 Technologies (Solar Algae Fuel Cell/Microbial Fuel Cell) 43317.6 Possibility of Commercial Production of Hydrogen 43417.7 Perspectives and Future Implications of Algae in Biotechnology 437References 43818 Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel 447Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Jeyapraksh Damaraja, Sutha Shobana, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Gunagyin Zhen and Gopalakrishnan Kumar18.1 Introduction 44718.2 Anaerobic Digestion 44818.3 Mechanism of Anaerobic Digestion 44918.4 Significant Factors Influencing Anaerobic Digestion 45518.5 Strategies Applied to Enhance Microalgae Methane Biogas Production 45618.6 Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Renewable Fuel 45818.7 Perspectives 459References 459Part IV Perspectives 46519 Integrated Biorefineries for the Production of Bioethanol, Biodiesel, and Other Commodity Chemicals 467Pedro F Souza Filho and Mohammad J Taherzadeh19.1 Introduction 46719.2 Types of Biorefineries 46819.3 Biorefinery Platforms 47119.4 Integrated Biorefineries 47219.5 Coproducts 47519.6 Integrating Ethanol and Biodiesel Refineries 48019.7 Economical Aspects 48219.8 Perspectives 484References 48420 Lignocellulosic Crops as Sustainable Raw Materials for Bioenergy 489Emiliano Maletta and Carlos Hernández Díaz-Ambrona20.1 Introduction 48920.2 Major Lignocellulosic Industrial Crops 49220.3 Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects in Sustainability Criteria 49820.4 Processing Alternatives for Lignocellulosic Bioenergy Crops 50220.5 Filling the Gap: From Farm to Industry 50320.6 Perspectives 506References 50821 Industrial Waste Valorization: Applications to the Case of Liquid Biofuels 515Haibo Huang and Qing Jin21.1 Introduction 51521.2 Types of Industrial Waste for Biofuel Production 51621.3 Ethanol Production 51721.4 Butanol 52321.5 Biodiesel 52721.6 Perspectives 531References 53122 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention, Sustainable Energy Generation, and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Food Manufacturing Sector 539Sandra D. Gaona, T.J. Pepping, Cheryl Keenan and Stephen C. DeVito22.1 Introduction 53922.2 Overview of the Food Manufacturing Industry 54022.3 Chemicals and Chemical Wastes in the Food Manufacturing Industry 54522.4 Pollution Prevention in Food Manufacturing 55422.5 Perspectives 563Disclaimer 564References 56423 Financing Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy and the Commodity Chemicals Industry 569Praveen V. Vadlani23.1 The Current Financing Scenario at Global Level 56923.2 Ethanol Biofuel Industry – An Overview 57223.3 Bio-Based Industry – Current Status and Future Potential 57723.4 Financing and Investment Strategy for Bio-Based Industries 57923.5 Perspectives and Sustainable Financing Approach – Change in Wall Street Mindset in the Valuation of Bio-Based Industries 583Acknowledgements 584References 58524 Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability as Forces of Change 587Asutosh T. Yagnik24.1 Introduction 58724.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 58724.3 From CSR to Corporate Sustainability 59724.4 Perspectives 603References 60725 The Industrial World in the Twenty-First Century 613Alain A. Vertès25.1 Introduction: Energy and Sustainability 61325.2 Transportation in the Twenty-First Century: A Carbon Tax Story 62225.3 Cities of Change 62725.4 The Chemical Industry Revisited 62925.5 Paradigm Changes in Modes of Consumption 63325.6 International Action for Curbing the Pollution of the Atmosphere Commons: The Case of CFCs and the Ozone Layer 63425.7 Social Activism as an Engine of Change: Requiem for a Wonderful World 63525.8 Perspectives: A Brave New World 636References 639Index 649